<p>Standing Stone Creek is a 34.2 mi tributary of the Juniata River in Huntingdon and Centre counties, Pennsylvania, in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Allegedly, when the first European visitors arrived at the creek&#39;s mouth, they found a Native American camp whose lodges were arranged in a circle, centered by a 14-foot-high, six-inch-square stone pillar, marked with petroglyphs. When the Native Americans left, they took the stone with them. But the creek&#39;s name remains in memory of that monument.</p><br>
<p>Standing Stone Creek begins in Centre County within Rothrock State Forest, just north of Penn-Roosevelt State Park. Standing Stone Creek joins the Juniata River in the borough of Huntingdon.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>*The Pennsylvania Railroad Old Bridge over Standing Stone Creek crosses Standing Stone Creek at Huntingdon, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Peotone Mill, formerly known as the Rathje Mill, is located in the village of Peotone, Illinois, which is in Will County, Illinois, United States. The mill was donated to the Village of Peotone in the early 1980s. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as well as the Will County Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Henry A. Rathje is credited with building the windmill, but it was his father, Frederick Rathje, with Christoph Elling, who agreed to build the mill. The warranty deed from July 3, 1871 confirms this. An account of the Rathje family was contained in the 1900 Genealogical and Biographical Record of Will County. According to it, Rathje (Henry) married Wilhelmina Luhmann in 1874, Luhmann was an immigrant from Hanover, Germany. After marrying, Rathje entered the milling business during which time he acquired the windmill at Peotone and operated it for twelve years. Henry Rathje is listed as the proprietor on a mill invoice.</p><br>
<p>The structure was designed by Dutch millwrights. The design, which included the mills 60 foot tower, makes it the only "skyscraper" in Peotone. The mills integrity has, for the most part, been maintained throughout its existence and it is a familiar visual landmark in Peotone and Will County.</p><br>
<h2>Mill operation</h2><br>
<p>The windmill at Peotone provided a variety of grain products. Fine wheat, rye and buckwheat flours, as well as cornmeal were common products the grist mill offered. The local livestock industry depended upon the mill as its primary source for feed. Thus, the mills busiest time of year was during the autumn when livestock farmers would stock up for the winter with the mills freshly ground grain products. The mills surplus product was stored in a building that was once attached to west side of the windmill. Income for Rathje came from a "toll" which the mill charged. The toll was essentially a fraction of the finished product, these tolls were governed by state laws. In 1885 the wind powered grist mill was switched over to steam power. Tales handed down through the Rathje family speak of the windmills sails rotting and cite this as the reason for the change over to steam power.</p><br>
<p>The exact date the mill ceased operation can not be projected with any great accuracy. It is suspected that the mill ended operations sometime around 1889. It is known, however, from the Genealogical Record of 1900 that by that date the mill had been rendered unprofitable by modern mill methods and Rathje had abandoned it. The mill, however, continued to operate in some capacity until World War I when it finally closed entirely in 1917.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>For nearly 100 years the windmill in Peotone stood silent and empty. Rathje&#39;s son, Paul W. Rathje, performed routine maintenance on the mill during this time. Paul had two children, Paul and Helen, and the mill was eventually passed on to Paul C. Rathje, the grandson of Henry. He realized the historic importance of the mill structure and donated it to the Village of Peotone in 1982. That same year, the mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Peotone Historical Society undertook the task of restoring the mill to its original, working condition. They have divided the project into several phases and continue maintenance and restoration. In 2004 the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois did grant the Peotone Historical Society $5,000 to conduct a structural assessment of the mill.</p><br>
<p>Lake Péligre  is the second largest lake in Haiti, and is located in the Centre department.</p><br>
<p>It was created as a result of the construction of the Peligre Hydroelectric Dam on the Artibonite River in 1956–1957. The project was designed by the USA Army Corps of Engineers and financed by the Export-Import Bank of the United States. According to Tracy Kidder&#39;s book Mountains Beyond Mountains, Brown & Root was a contractor in the Péligre Dam project.</p><br>
<p>There is a lot of controversy surrounding the dam. Much of the benefit of the dam&#39;s construction has gone to a small group of wealthy individuals, at the expense of the poor farmers who utilized much of the land that is now submerged. The extreme poverty those displaced families have faced has largely been untold, but is often mentioned in the talks of Dr. Paul Farmer; "if you saw with peasant eyes, the scene looked violent and ugly, a lake that had buried the good farmland and ravaged the highlands."</p><br>
<p>Mount Hood, also known as Hood Mountain is a mountain near the southeastern edge of Santa Rosa, California at the northeast of the Sonoma Valley and attains a height of 2,733 ft. The original name was Mount Wilikos, an Indian name meaning "willows."</p><br>
<p>Most of the drainage from Mount Hood contributes to the headwaters of Sonoma Creek. A prominent feature is the extensive rock face visible on the upper half of the mountain as viewed from State Route 12. The habitats on the mountain include mixed oak forest, pygmy forest, chaparral and riparian zones. In prehistoric times the slopes of Mount Hood were inhabited by a division of the Yuki tribe. Most of Mount Hood is within the Hood Mountain Regional Park maintained by Sonoma County. Mount Hood is part of the inner coast Mayacamas Range, and lies mostly within Sonoma County, with a part of the mountain geographically within Napa County. Mount Hood affords overlooks of the Pacific Ocean, San Francisco Bay and "a spectacular view east to the Sierra Nevada Range."</p><br>
<h2>Area setting</h2><br>
<p>Mount Hood is most easily accessed via State Route 12, which runs along the bottomland of the Sonoma Valley and connects the town of Sonoma to the city of Santa Rosa. Closest viewing areas of Mount Hood from the valley floor are from the village of Kenwood, from the intersection of State Route 12 with Pythian Road, and from the community of Oakmont, the easternmost neighborhood of Santa Rosa. From these viewing locations a volcanic rocky outcrop near the peak of Mount Hood, also known as Gunsight Point, is prominent on the Mayacmas ridgeline, along with Bald Mountain, within Sugarloaf Ridge State Park, itself located approximately three miles east.</p><br>
<p>Mount Hood is also visible from the floor of the Napa Valley as well as eastern slopes above that valley. From the summit there are expansive views westerly to Annadel State Park and beyond to Sonoma Mountain. On clear days there are distant views westerly to the Pacific Ocean and easterly to the Sierra Nevada Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology and hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The base of Mount Hood consists of soils of the Goulding-Toomes-Guenoc association, which are well-drained gently to very steep loams and clay-loams situated upon upland formations. The upper reaches consist of the Kidd-Forward-Cohasset association, which group ranges from well-drained to excessively drained moderate to very steep gravelly and stony loams. Specific soil map patches on the upper slopes include Boomer loam on some 15 to 30 percent slopes; Goulding cobbly clay loam on 15 to 30 percent slopes; Henneke gravelly loam on some 5 to 30 percent slopes; Henneke gravelly loam on 30 to 75 percent slopes; and rock land on 15 to 75 percent slopes.</p><br>
<p>Considering the steepness of much of the terrain there is a remarkable lack of erosion, primarily because human access has been historically low, and vegetative cover has been kept intact. The headwaters of Santa Rosa Creek rise on the northern slopes of Mount Hood, whereas the central and eastern portions of the mountain contribute to the watershed of Sonoma Creek which rises in the Sugarloaf area. Hood Creek and Graywood Creek, draining portions of Mount Hood, are smaller tributaries that feed Sonoma Creek.Environmental Impact Report</p><br>
<p>Sonoma Country Inn, County of Sonoma Permit and Resource Management Agency, November, 2004 Precipitation amounts to approximately 30 inches (76.2 cm) per annum on Mount Hood.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>There are several distinct habitats in the Mount Hood area including:</p><br>
<p>Mixed oak woodland</p><br>
<p>Chaparral</p><br>
<p>Pygmy forest</p><br>
<p>Riparian zone</p><br>
<p>In addition there is a specialized habitat on the upper western face consisting of extensive rock outcrops, which can be considered a variant of the chaparral habitat with small forest pockets.</p><br>
<p>The mixed oak woodland habitat dominates the lower elevations with coast live oak, Douglas fir, California buckeye and bigleaf maple forming the majority of the canopy. The understory is sparse, particularly of the deep ravine areas such as Hood Creek riparian zones. Some toyon, poison oak and hollyleaf cherry are found beneath the canopy. At mid-level elevations there are also considerable numbers of tanbark oak and Pacific madrone contributing to the canopy.</p><br>
<p>Chaparral areas are dominated by several varieties of manzanita, including notably Arctostaphylos manzanita Mount Hood. There is also a considerable abundance of poison oak and coyote brush present in these exposed rocky thin soil habitats. Fire risk is naturally greatest in this ecosystem, and some evidence of fires are seen at an estimated age of twenty years past.</p><br>
<p>There are sizable pygmy forest areas on the west facing slopes and more level inner plateaus of Mount Hood. Here the predominant species are Sargent cypress, various Arctostaphylos species and coyote brush. The Sargent cypress were formerly misidentified as Mendocino cypress (Cupressus pygmaea), which would be far out of their native range here. The height of the pygmy forest is ten to fifteen feet (3 – 5 m) and these patches of relatively dense thickets extend for about a half to one and a half miles (one to two kilometers) in patch size.</p><br>
<p>The riparian zones tend to occur in deep heavily forested ravine areas that are highly shaded. These typically steep woodlands have a high percentage of California laurel trees, understory ferns and toyons. Several of the streams such as Sonoma Creek, Hood Creek and Santa Rosa Creek are generally year-round flowing, except for the very highest reaches (e.g. above 2,200 feet (671 m)). Considerable bird life occurs in the Mount Hood environment, but particularly in the riparian zones scrub jay, woodpeckers and juncos are apparent.</p><br>
<p>Mountain lions, bobcats and rattlesnakes may be found throughout the area, with the snakes preferring west facing sun-exposed rocky slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>Trails leading to the summit of Mount Hood begin at three locations:</p><br>
<p>Along Adobe Canyon Road within adjacent Sugarloaf Ridge State Park, on the southeast side of the mountain</p><br>
<p>At the end of Pythian Road, on the west side</p><br>
<p>At the end of Los Alamos Road, on the north side</p><br>
<p>Trails leading from the first two trailheads involve relatively direct climbs of about 2,000 vertical feet (610 m) to the summit, whereas trails from the Los Alamos Road trailhead take a longer route to the summit but involve about the same vertical rise.</p><br>
<p>The Goodspeed/Nattkemper Trail, which climbs to the summit from the Adobe Canyon Road trailhead, offers the most direct access to the summit and to Gunsight Rock, from which distant views to the south and west are available. From the Los Alamos Road trailhead, the Hood Mountain Trail descends to and crosses Santa Rosa Creek, then climbs via an easily walked fireroad to the summit, passing through the pygmy forest on the northwest side of the mountain. The Summit Trail branches from the Hood Mountain Trail at about 1,400 feet (427 m) elevation and offers a more rugged hike to the summit. From the Pythian Road trailhead, the Lower and Upper Johnson Ridge trails climb relatively directly to the Hood Mountain Trail and on to the summit. The Pythian Road trailhead also provides good access to the pygmy forest via the Panorama Ranch Trail.</p><br>
<p>There is no potable water supplied within the Mount Hood area except at the parking lot at the Pythian Road trailhead. Limited overnight camping is available at two on-trail locations within the regional park. Dogs on leashes are allowed within the park.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is named after William Hood, a settler from Scotland who climbed the peak in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Franklin Square, or Franklin Park is located in Bloomington, Illinois, McLean County. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Franklin Square contains the homes of former Vice President Adlai Stevenson I and former Governor Joseph W. Fifer. In 1979 the square was designated as a local historic district.</p><br>
<p>Located northeast of downtown Bloomington, the square encompasses the 300 and 400 blocks of E. Chestnut and E. Walnut streets and the 900 block of N. Prairie and N. McLean streets.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On April 26, 1856, David Davis, William F. Flagg, and William H. Allin donated a 590-by-330-foot parcel of land to the city of Bloomington, asking that the park be “...used as a place of public resort, pastime and recreation, for citizens and strangers forever.” The original agreement called for the city to improve and ornament the park, and prohibited the city from erecting any buildings on the square.</p><br>
<p>In 1869, a monument was erected in the center of Franklin Square to commemorate the 700 McLean County citizens who died in the Civil War. Commissioned to Haldeman Marble Works of Bloomington, Illinois, for $15,000, the monument stood 49 feet high with a Lemont limestone base. An inscription read, “McLean County’s Honored Sons: Fallen—but not Forgotten” with engravings of the names of the 700 soldiers that died in service. The structure featured four statues of soldiers (Infantry, Cavalry, Zouave, and Marine) and a life-size figure of a colonel atop an 18-foot shaft.</p><br>
<p>Over the next few years, the monument began to disintegrate. A committee organized to resolve the situation stated, “Unfortunately, the material of which the monument was constructed has proved to be so perishable that the names of the county’s heroes have been nearly obliterated and the entire monument is in danger of falling.” Former Governor Joseph Fifer lobbied for the city to tear down the monument and build a new one in Miller Park in Bloomington. The lower half of the monument was saved and is currently located in the Bloomington neighborhood of Briarwood.</p><br>
<h2>Houses</h2><br>
<p>The houses of Franklin Square were built in a variety of architectural styles from the mid 19th century through the early 20th century, including Georgian Revival, Italianate, Colonial, Queen Anne, and Romanesque Revival. Because the square was home to many prominent citizens of Bloomington, the neighborhood received visits from notable figures, among them Theodore Roosevelt, Ulysses S. Grant, Clarence Darrow, and Carl Sandburg. Today many Illinois Wesleyan University students reside in the square&#39;s houses, including the Alpha Lamba chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia and the Sigma Alpha chapter of Sigma Alpha Iota.</p><br>
<p>Burr House This house was built for Luman Burr at 210 E. Chestnut in 1864 by the Hayes & Evans Contracting Company. It was constructed in the Italianate style and a Queen Anne style; gabled roof, left wing, and back wing were added in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Dodson-Stevenson House - This 1869 home was built at 903 N. McLean St. in the Italianate style for William K. Dodson. The home&#39;s second owner was Adlai E. Stevenson I who became vice president under the administration of Grover Cleveland.</p><br>
<p>Fifer-Bohrer House - This Georgian Revival style home was built in 1895 at 909 N. McLean St. and included Queen Anne style elements. The house was home to former Illinois Governor Joseph W. Fifer and his daughter Florence Fifer Bohrer, who was the first female senator from Illinois.</p><br>
<p>McClure House Marion Lee McClure, a farmer, landowner, and land speculator commissioned architect George Miller to build a Romanesque style house in 1906 that resembled one he saw in Chicago. The house is known as "The Castle" and features a third-floor ballroom.</p><br>
<p>Lillard House This house at 302 Walnut St. was built in 1882 in the Victorian-era Queen Anne style. The first owner of the home, John T. Lillard, was a prominent attorney in Bloomington, Illinois, and married Sarah Davis, daughter of Judge David Davis.</p><br>
<p>Ganga Choti is a scenic peak near the towns of Sudhan Gali and Bani Minhasan in Bagh District, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. It is situated in the Pir Panjal Range and is the end point of the Panjal Mastan National Park which is well known in Azad Kashmir for its scenic landscapes. This national park is spread from Pir Kanthi to Ganga Choti and passes through the villages of Khawaja, Jabbarh Ratnoi and Kotla.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ganga Choti is situated along and linked with Inter district road between district Bagh and district Muzzaffarabad.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>Weather is very pleasant in summer with the maximum temperature going to 15 &deg;C.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>There are many tourist places which attract the tourist ,Ganga Choti and sudan gali. There are many rest houses and hotels for tourists. There are many water falls and fresh water for swimming.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Zion AME Church is a historic church in Jacksonville, Florida, United States. It is located at 201 East Beaver Street. On December 30, 1992, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. The "AME" is an abbreviation of African Methodist Episcopal, the religious denomination.</p><br>
<p>After the Civil War, several dozen Freedmen organized a "Society" for the purpose of religious worship. On July 28, 1866, this group became formally recognized as Mount Zion A.M.E. Church. The church acquired the property at the northeast corner of Beaver and Newnan Streets, and a small frame structure was built for worship services on that site. In 1870 a large wooden church was built, and twenty years later an even larger brick sanctuary, with a seating capacity of nearly 1,500, was built at this location. Within four months after the Great Fire of 1901 destroyed that building, plans for the present church were under way. According to a September, 1901 newspaper report, the Romanesque Revival style structure was estimated to cost $18,000. Architectural details such as arched window and door openings, art-glass windows, a bell tower, contrasting brick quoins, and a crenelated parapet contribute to its handsome design. The building was completed in 1905 and was designed by architects J. B. Carr & Co. of Birmingham and Francis J. Norton of Jacksonville & Chicago.</p><br>
<p>Dalkey Hill  is the northernmost of the two hills which form the southern boundary of Dublin Bay . Dalkey Hill is 140 metres high and has views over the surrounding areas : Dublin to the northwest; the Irish Sea and the mountains of Wales  to the east and southeast; and Bray Head and the Wicklow Mountains to the south.</p><br>
<p>Dalkey Hill and Killiney Hill are both part of Killiney Hill Park, a small public park overlooking the villages of Dalkey to the north and Killiney to the west. The park is crossed by a number of walking tracks, and with views from all directions, is a used by walkers and hikers from the surrounding areas.</p><br>
<p>Extensive quarrying of Dalkey Hill in the 19th century has resulted in the existence of Dalkey Quarry, which is now a rock-climbing location.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Berd  is a river in Russia, the right arm of the Ob River.</p><br>
<p>The Berd begins on the western slopes of the Salair ridge, flows 30 km in Altai Krai territory and the rest in Novosibirsk Oblast. The river empties into the Novosibirsk water reservoir, which submerged 40 km of the original Berd river after construction.</p><br>
<p>The Berd is 363 km long and was formerly 416 km long. Its drainage basin covers 8,740 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Discharge averages 45.8 m3/s. Ice forms on the river in the first weeks of November and breaks apart in mid-April.</p><br>
<p>Naming, it is thought, is from Turkic languages "berdu" ("birdu") with the meaning of "beru" or "taken".</p><br>
<p>Two cities, Berdsk (Бердск) and Iskitim (Искитим), are along the river.</p><br>
<p>Santanyí is a municipality on the Spanish island of Majorca, one of the Balearic Islands, situated in the most western part of the Mediterranean Sea.</p><br>
<p>This municipality in the south east of Majorca is home to the towns of Santanyí, Calonge, s’Alqueria Blanca and es Llombards, as well as the coastal districts of Cala Esmeralda, Cala dOr, marina de Cala d’Or, Portopetro, Cap des Moro, Cala Figuera, Cala Santanyí, Cala Llombards and Cala de s’Almunia. The municipality encompasses a variety of beaches popular for their scenic beauty. The coast covered by the municipality extends around 35 kilometres along the south east coast of the island. It also holds a large number of archaeological sites - 172 - evidence of the existence of a productive agriculture and farming tradition since at least the Talaiotic period.</p><br>
<p>Santanyi is also home to a protected natural area, the Mondragó Natural Parc.</p><br>
<h2>Town</h2><br>
<p>Evolution of the Municipality&#39;s population.</p><br>
<p>Buck Horn Lake is a small private lake in the Southern Tier region of upstate New York. It is located in the town of Unadilla, approximately 150 mi northwest of New York City and 90 mi west of Albany. There are around 35 houses on the lake, most being summer homes and camps. Buck Horn is a man-made lake, constructed in the late 1950s by a man named Wendell Bachman. It is reminiscent of an Adirondack lake, ringed by pine trees and inhabited by many different types of wildlife.</p><br>
<h2>Lake Facts</h2><br>
<p>The lake averages about 7–9 ft deep throughout, and is stocked with thousands of fish. Small and large mouth bass abound, as do bluegill and even Koi. The New York state record bass was caught at Buck Horn Lake in 1987, and that record still stands at 11 lb 4 oz. measured 25.5 in.</p><br>
<h2>Algae and Millfoil Problems</h2><br>
<p>Buck Horn is plagued by algae blooms and seaweed millfoil. These problems usually occur during the hot summer months, and are partially brought under control by the use of safe chemicals. Millfoil can pose a problem for people using powerboats, as it can get tangled in the propeller and cause engine damage.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Inchmahome, an anglicisation of Innis Mo Cholmaig , is the largest of three islands in the Lake of Menteith, in Stirlingshire.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Inchmahome is best known as the location of Inchmahome Priory and for the attendant priors of Inchmahome.</p><br>
<p>The priory was founded in 1238 by the Earl of Menteith, Walter Comyn, for a small community of the Augustinian order (the Black Canons). The Comyn family were one of the most powerful in Scotland at the time, and had an imposing country house on Inch Talla, one of the other islands on the lake. There is some evidence that there was a church on the island before the priory was established.</p><br>
<p>The priory has a long history of receiving many notable guests. King Robert the Bruce visited three times, in 1306, 1308 and 1310. His visits were likely politically motivated, as the first abbot had sworn allegiance to Edward I, the English King. In 1358 the future King Robert II also stayed at the priory. In 1547 the priory served as a refuge for Mary, Queen of Scots, aged four, hidden here for a few weeks following the disastrous defeat of the Scots army at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh during the Rough Wooing.</p><br>
<p>The famous English travel writer, H.V. Morton, visited in the 1930s and wrote:</p><br>
<p>Although Mary, Queen of Scots, was only on the island for a matter of weeks, at the age of five, fanciful stories have grown up around her on the island. For example, they state that it was here that she started to learn languages, held a mock court with the Four Maries, planted a box hedge and did needle work.</p><br>
<p>The Blautopf  is a spring that serves as the source of the river Blau in the karst landscape on the Swabian Jura&#39;s southern edge, in Southern Germany.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Blautopf is located in the city of Blaubeuren, approximately 16 km west of Ulm. It forms the drain for the Blau cave system, where the Blau after 14.5 km flows into the river Danube in the city of Ulm. Because of its high water pressure, the spring has developed a funnel-like shape, which at its deepest point has a depth of 21 metres (69 ft). The water&#39;s peculiarly blue color, varying in intensity due to weather and flow, is the result of physical properties of the nanoscale limestone densely distributed in the water. The particles are so small that the so-called Rayleigh scattering of light takes place, preferentially scattering the blue color in the visible light. Similar effect is observed at the Blue Lagoon in Reykjavik, Iceland, where the blue color originates from nanoscale silica particles.</p><br>
<p>Near the Blautopf is a hammermill fed by the water of the spring. A film, which documents the exploration of the cave, is shown at the same location.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The Blautopf is a spring in a Karst environment. One characteristic of a Karst environment is that water, which drains quickly through the limestone in one area, surfaces in another. Karst environments only have subterranean drainage, and there are no bodies of water above ground. Therefore, the size of the Blautopf depends greatly on the level of rainfall, though it never entirely dries out. The Blautopf is the second largest spring in Germany, after the Aachtopf.</p><br>
<p>Over millennia, subterranean water has created a huge system of caves in the area. Prominent examples are the Blauhöhle (Blau-cave), discovered by Jochen Hasenmayer in 1985, and the Apokalypse (Apocalypse), discovered on 23 September 2006 by Jochen Malmann and Andreas Kücha, members of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf, a club dedicated to the exploration of the Blautopf&#39;s cave system. While the Blauhöhle is completely filled with water for a length of about 1500 metres (approximately 4935 ft), the Apokalypse is dry; because of its dimensions—170 metres long, 50 metres wide, 50 metres high—it is a special feature of the region.</p><br>
<h2>Diving</h2><br>
<p>The entry to the Blauhöhle lies at a depth of about 18 metres (approximately 60 ft). Therefore, access is restricted to experienced and well-trained divers. In the 1980s, city authorities were forced to prohibit diving in the Blautopf after several accidents, including some fatal ones. Permission to dive in the Blautopf has only been granted to a few organizations: among them, the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blautopf, a group of scientific speleologists led by Jochen Hasenmayer, and rescue services. The most recent fatal accident occurred in 2003, killing Bernd Aspacher, a member of Hasenmayer&#39;s team.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<p>Numerous legends and folk tales refer to the Blautopf. Its characteristic colour was explained by the account that every day someone would pour a vat of ink into the Blautopf. Another myth stated that every time someone tried to measure the Blautopf&#39;s depth with a leaden sounding line, a water nix stole the sounding line. Therefore, it was not possible to determine the depth of the Blautopf. Because of this tale, there is a rock called Klötzle Blei ("little block of lead" in the local dialect) in the vicinity of the Blautopf. A well-known tongue-twister in the Swabian dialect told to local children, refers to this rock:</p><br>
<p>Standard High German:</p><br>
<p>English Translation:</p><br>
<p>The novelist and poet Eduard Mörike incorporated this folklore and other tales into the romantic novella Das Stuttgarter Hutzelmännlein. They were woven into the background story of a journeyman travelling from Stuttgart to Blaubeuren. In particular, the story of the Schöne Lau, a mermaid, and her husband, a male water-nix from the Black Sea, is told in great detail. Because the Schöne Lau could not laugh, the nix punished her by confining her to the Blautopf, and only allowing her to have still-born children. He would only allow her to return and give birth to a living child once she had laughed five times. In the end, the landlady of the inn Nonnenhof came to her aid. (The complete German text is available at.)</p><br>
<p>The River Swilly  is a river in Ireland, which flows in an eastern direction through Letterkenny, County Donegal. Letterkenny, the largest town in County Donegal, is built on the river and became the first crossing point on the river in the 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The river takes its name Súileach from a man-eating water monster that was chopped in half by Saint Columba, who was born in Gartan. Letterkenny DJ and Producer produced a song, "A Monster in the River Swilly", about this legend.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The River Swilly rises near Glendore, a mountain in County Donegal, and flows for around 41.8 km through Letterkenny before flowing into the Atlantic Ocean at Lough Swilly.</p><br>
<h2>Navigation and use</h2><br>
<p>The river is nearly 26 mi long. A shipping industry once operated on the Swilly in Letterkenny. The river was extremely hard for larger ships to navigate, as it was narrow and has many bends near Letterkenny. The port was closed to commercial shipping in the 1960s and its warehouses were demolished in 2001. The coal yard still remains on the old site opposite the Mount Errigal Hotel. Newmills Corn and Flax Mills is powered by the waters of the river.</p><br>
<h3>Fishing</h3><br>
<p>The Swilly traditionally produced approximately 300-400 salmon per year. The heaviest salmon recorded is of 24 lbs as well as a sea trout of 12 lbs. The river is considered one of the best fishing rivers in the north west of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Crossings</h2><br>
<p>The Swilly is spanned by numerous bridges mostly open to road traffic. In Letterkenny there are four bridges across the river:</p><br>
<h3>Devlin Way</h3><br>
<p>Devlin Way was the first pedestrian bridge built over the River Swilly. The bridge was installed on October 25, 2006 in Letterkenny. The bridge connects the suburban Oldtown area with the town centre. It was designed by TS McLaughlin Structural Engineers and the ironwork was constructed by Bonnar Engineering. The bridge cost €100,000 to construct. A maroon-coloured cambered steel structure which measures 28 metres long and 2.2 metres wide, the new bridge proves a major impact on the safety of pedestrians, especially OAPs and school-going children. It is lit by lamp cast from iron and it also contains a commemorative stone seat with a plaque. The bridge is neighbour to the much older and well known Oldtown Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was officially opened on November 14, 2006 by local councillor Ciaran Brogan. The bridge is named in honour of the Devlin family who live beside the bridge and sacrificed part of their land so that the bridge could be built.</p><br>
<p>The Garavogue  is a river located in County Sligo, Ireland. From Lough Gill, it winds its way through Sligo town and into Sligo Bay. The river has a large estuary with a shipping channel capable of taking ships up to 10,000 tons, but now fallen into disuse and used mainly by smaller pleasure craft.</p><br>
<p>The River Garavogue (including L. Gill and R. Bonnet) is 31.5 mi long.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name, Garavogue, is uncertain, but may be a representation of "garbh óg" meaning "young rough". However this is not the original name of the river. The river was originally called the Sligeach, a name meaning abounding in shells and is one of the oldest attested placenames in Ireland. The river gave its name firstly to the town that grew up on its banks from the 13th century, and then to the county that was established in the late 16th and early 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is mentioned in Early Medieval texts as one of the "nine royal rivers" of Ireland.</p><br>
<p>Saint Patrick is said to have blessed it so that it would produce salmon all year round.</p><br>
<p>A farset or fording point (literally a sandbar) named Reanna na Líagáin was located across this estuary that formed part of the main north/south route from western Ulster to Connacht. The terminals of the crossing were between Ballincar and Finisklin.</p><br>
<p>The battle of Sligo (river) took place at this river in 536 AD between Eoghan Bél king of Connacht and the Uí Néill.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Mansion, formerly known as The Monday Afternoon Clubhouse, is a three story brick and stone mansion located on Court Street in Binghamton, New York. It was built in 1870 as the private home of Sherman D Phelps. Mr. Phelps was a successful business man, banker, Republican elector for Abraham Lincoln, and mayor of the City of Binghamton. The building was designed by Isaac G. Perry who later became the chief architect for the New York State Capitol building in Albany, New York.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was purchased in 1905 by the Monday Afternoon Club (a women&#39;s civic organization). The club constructed a large ballroom on the back of the mansion in 1905 and continues to hold its weekly meetings there to this day. In 1986 ownership of the mansion was transferred to The Phelps Mansion Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Phelps Mansion was charted by the New York State Board of Regents as a museum in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Cambria Iron Company of Johnstown, Pennsylvania was a major 19th-century industrial producer of iron and steel. Founded in 1852, it had the nations largest steel foundry in the 1870s, and was renamed the Cambria Steel Company in 1898. The company used many innovations in the steelmaking process, including those of William Kelly and Henry Bessemer. The company was acquired in 1923 by the Bethlehem Steel Company. The companys historic facilities, extending some 12 mi along the Conemaugh and Little Conemaugh Rivers, are a National Historic Landmark District.</p><br>
<p>A number of works by the firm are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Name history</h2><br>
<p>The Cambria Iron Works was reorganized in 1898 and renamed the Cambria Steel Company. In 1916, the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company bought the Cambria Steel Company, and sold it to the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>The industrial facilities of the Cambria occuped five separate sites in and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Its earliest facilities, known as the Lower Works, are located in the east bank of the Conemaugh River, north of downtown Johnstown and the Little Conemaugh River. The Gautier Plant is just northeast of downtown Johnstown on the south side of the Little Conemaugh. Further up that River are the extensive Franklin Plant and Wheel Plant, while the Rod and Wire Plant is located on the west side of the Conemaugh River a ways north of the Lower Works. Each of these facilities represents a different phase of development and growth of the steel industry, although the Lower Works no longer has significant traces of the earliest facilities used in steel manufacturing. All five of these areas make up the National Historic Landmark District designated in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Company history</h2><br>
<p>The Cambria Iron Company was founded in 1852, in order to provide steel for the construction of railroads. The company grew rapidly, and was by the 1870s a leading producer of steel and innovator in the advancement of steelmaking technology. It performed early experiments with the Kelly converter, built the first blooming mill, and was one of the first plants to use hydraulics for the movement of ingots. It built one of the first plants to use the Bessemer process for making steel on a large scale. Innovations by the company and its methods and processes were widely influential throughout the steel industry.</p><br>
<p>Although the company was at its height in the 1870s, it continued to operated independently, even after being eclipsed in size by other producers, until 1916, when it was acquired by the Midvale Steel and Ordnance Company. Midvale sold the company to Bethlehem Steel in 1923.</p><br>
<h2>Works produced</h2><br>
<p>Infrastructure whose parts were manufactured by the Cambria Company include (with variations in attribution):</p><br>
<p>Bell Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, 11.9 mi northeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Boone River Bridge, Buchanan Avenume over Boone River, Goldfield, Iowa (Cambria Steel Company), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Borman Bridge, county road over Niobrara River, 2.3 mi southeast of Valentine, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Eldorado Bridge, State Street over Turkey River, Eldorado, Iowa (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Johnstown Inclined Railway, Johns Street and Edgehill Drive, Johnstown, Pennsylvania (Cambria Iron Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Neligh Mill Bridge, Elm Street over Elkhorn River, Neligh, Nebraska (Cambria/Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>North Loup Bridge, county road over North Loup River, 1.5 mi northeast of North Loup, Nebraska (Cambria & Lackawanna Steel Cos.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Republican River Bridge, county road over Republican River, 1 mi east and 1.5 mi south of Riverton, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Willow Creek Bridge, county road over Willow Creek, 6.5 mi south of Foster, Nebraska (Cambria Steel Co.), NRHP-listed</p><br>
<p>Mount Baigura, Baïgura, Baygoura or Baighoura  is a mountain of the inner French Basque Country. Transmitters are set up near its summit.</p><br>
<p>The leisure center ("base de loisir") at Baigura, on the road from Hélette to Louhossoa (in the commune of Mendionde), organizes paragliding activity on the northern slope of the mountain.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Baigura is related to modern Euskara (Basque) ibar valley, ibai river and guren limit and means the end of valley.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Mount Baigura is the highest point of a small isolated pre-pyrenean massif inside the French Basque Country in the southwest of Aquitaine, between the former provinces of Labourd and Lower Navarre.</p><br>
<p>The Haltzamendi (818 m) extends the massif toward the south.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>The summit can be reached from Heraitze in Helette, passing by the St. Vincent chapel (Bixintxoko kapera), or from the leisure center.</p><br>
<p>The Haltzamendi can be reached from Bidarray.</p><br>
<p>The Water Shops Armory, located at 1 Allen Street, was a part of the Springfield Armory in Springfield, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>The main armory stretched over two city blocks in what was known as the Hill Shops (where the National Historic Site now is accompanied by the Springfield Technical Community College which occupies most of the 22 original buildings). About one mile (1.6 km) south, on the Mill River, the United States Army built the Water Shops where the heavy metal forging and machining was done as well as gun stock shaping. It was located there to take advantage of the water power supplied by the Mill River. The facilities were developed between 1857 and 1941, including a number of buildings and a dam and canal to raise the level of Watershops Pond when the demand for water power was increased.</p><br>
<p>The Water Shops complex is now a privately owned industrial site. The main building was severely damaged on Friday June 17, 1988, when a fire destroyed part of the top floors. The building was built in two different sections: the first was built in 1858, and the second section, which paralleled Allen Street and was built in 1901, is where the fire happened.</p><br>
<p>Prestvannet is a small lake on the highest point on the central part of the island of Tromsøya in the city of Tromsø in Troms county, Norway. Prestvannet was built up as a reservoir in 1867, and continued in that function until 1921. Since then it has been used as park land and a nature reserve.</p><br>
<p>The pond area, just next to a big city has been preserved as a nesting place for various birds. The pond and its surrounding wooded area is an important natural area for the Tromsø area. Encircling the pond, is a track commonly used for recreational activities and sports, as well as a nature trail with plaques informing about the local wildlife. In the winter, the frozen pond is a popular place for ice skating.</p><br>
<h2>Media gallery</h2><br>
<p>Mount Franklin is a mountain located in Coös County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Benjamin Franklin, and is part of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains. Note that Ben Franklin was not a president. Mount Franklin is flanked to the northeast by Mount Monroe, and to the southwest by Mount Eisenhower.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Franklin drains on the northwest side into the Ammonoosuc River, thence into the Connecticut River and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut. On the southeast side, Franklin drains into the Dry River, thence into the Saco River, and into the Gulf of Maine in Maine.</p><br>
<p>The Appalachian Trail, a 2,170-mile (3,500-km) National Scenic Trail from Georgia to Maine, crosses Mt. Franklin as it traverses the main ridge of the Presidentials from Crawford Notch to the summit of Mount Washington. Franklin stands on the northwest side of the Dry River Wilderness.</p><br>
<p>Although well over 4,000 feet in height, the Appalachian Mountain Club doesn&#39;t consider Franklin a "four-thousand footer" because it stands no more than 65 feet above the col on the ridge from Mount Monroe, making it a secondary summit of that peak.</p><br>
<p>Organ Needle is the highest point of the Organ Mountains in the south-central part of the USA state of New Mexico. It lies in Doña Ana County, 13 mi east-northeast of Las Cruces and 4 mi southwest of White Sands, headquarters of the White Sands Missile Range. It is at the southeast end of a narrow ridge of vertically jointed granite  called The Needles.</p><br>
<p>Organ Needle is one of the most dramatic peaks in the state. True to its name, it is a steep, pointed summit. Moreover, it rises 4,000 ft above the edge of the Tularosa Basin to the northeast in only 2 mi, and 5,100 ft above Las Cruces, giving it as large and as steep a degree of local relief as any peak in the state, including Big Hatchet Peak, Sandia Crest, and Shiprock.</p><br>
<p>Climbing Organ Needle involves tricky route-finding, a vertical gain of about 4,000 ft and a difficult scramble.</p><br>
<p>Mount Field is a mountain located in Grafton County, New Hampshire. The mountain is named after Darby Field , who in 1642 made the first known ascent of Mount Washington. Mount Field is the highest peak of the Willey Range of the White Mountains. Mt. Field is flanked to the northwest by Mount Tom, and to the southwest by Mount Willey.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Field stands on the borders of three watersheds. On its northeast side, it drains into the Saco River, and thence into the Gulf of Maine in Maine. On the south side, it drains into the North Fork Pemigewasset River, and thence into the East Branch, Pemigewasset River, and Merrimack River, which reaches the sea in Massachusetts. On the west side, Field drains into the Zealand River, and thence into the Ammonoosuc River, Connecticut River, and into Long Island Sound in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>Regent Theatre is a heritage-listed cinema at 167 Queen Street, Brisbane City, City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia . It was designed by Richard Gailey, Junior, Charles N Hollinshed, and Aaron Bolot and built from 1928 to 1929 by J & E L Rees and A J Dickenson. It was one of the original Hoyts&#39; Picture Palaces from the 1920s. It is also known as Regent Building. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Regent Theatre in Brisbane was constructed as the first and only American-style picture palace to be built in Queensland. It reflects the opulence and grandeur of the great Hollywood era and was one of many operated by Hoyts in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Other significant Regent Cinemas around Australia were the Regent in George Street, Sydney (now demolished), the Regent on the Rundle Mall in Adelaide which is now converted into a shopping mall and the Regent Melbourne on Collins Street, restored in the 1990s and now a major successful live theatre for Melbourne. The Regent Theatre, Dunedin in New Zealand was adapted for live performances in the 1970s and continues to be used for those and as a cinema. Smaller Regent cinemas include the Regent in downtown Ballarat, Victoria, now remodelled into a multi-screen complex.</p><br>
<p>The picture palaces were built to imitate Hollywood&#39;s Golden Era and were designed to function as a cinema and theatre. The Regent in Brisbane was designed by Melbourne architect, Charles N. Hollinshed, with assistance from the Brisbane-based Richard Gailey Junior and Aaron Bolot. It was erected in 1929 and opened on 8 November. Construction costs totaled ₤300,000.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Building comprises part of the original Regent Theatre complex constructed on land between Queen Street and Elizabeth Street, between 1928 and 1929. It includes a basement, four levels of tenancies at 167 Queen Street, two street-level shops, and the ornately decorated entrance hall and grand foyer, which led into the original 2500-seat Regent Theatre. While the office building was completed late in 1928, and tenanted from April 1929, the theatre opened to the public in November 1929. The building was redeveloped in the late 1970s, with four cinemas installed in the space originally occupied by the 2500-seat theatre and opened in 1980 as the Hoyts Entertainment Centre. This development retained the four levels of tenancies, the basement, two street level shops, the entrance hall and grand foyer. One of the four cinemas, known as the Showcase Theatre and located on the lower level of the complex, was constructed to recall the design of the original Regent Theatre. Its vestibule was also a re-construction recalling the vestibule which had been on a mezzanine level of the original theatre. The entertainment centre was closed for further redevelopment in June 2010.</p><br>
<p>Situated in Brisbanes main thoroughfare, Queen Street, between Albert and Edward Streets, the Regent Building was located within the citys central shopping, business and entertainment precinct. It was constructed on a number of contiguous land parcels with one long, narrow lot (2/RP49279) having frontage to both Queen and Elizabeth Streets, and a number of contiguous lots facing Elizabeth Street. The shape of the allotments, determined the theatres plan. The narrow Queen Street lot comprised the entrance hall and grand foyer, giving the theatre a prestigious Queen Street address, while the auditorium was constructed on the broad part of the site in Elizabeth Street. The Queen Street lot had been acquired in the 1850s by Patrick Mayne. Its ownership later passed into the possession of two of his children; Dr James ONeil Mayne and Mary Emelia Mayne. The Elizabeth Street lots, where the original theatre was constructed, comprised three additional lots; one of which had also been acquired by Patrick Mayne in the 1850s (L217/B11826) and passed to his children after his death. The remaining two lots (L1/RP574 & L1/RP575) that comprised the theatre site were purchased by film director and entrepreneur J. C. Williamson in 1928 and transferred to Hoyts Theatres Ltd in June 1929. Dr James Mayne leased the Elizabeth Street allotment and part of 2/RP49279 to Capitol Theatres Ltd for 50 years from 1 December 1927, which transferred both leases to Hoyts in September 1932. After James and Mary Mayne died in 1939 and 1940 respectively, their estate was left to the University of Queensland as the sole beneficiary.</p><br>
<p>Approval to build a lavish Regent Theatre in Brisbane, which would accommodate all classes of theatrical entertainment from opera to vaudeville and films, was granted by the Brisbane City Council in 1926, at a time when "picture palaces" were gaining popularity worldwide. In central Brisbane, the Regent was to join a substantial cohort of theatres and theatre-cinemas which formed the basis of a vibrant cultural and social hub. By 1930, apart from the new Regent, Queen Street between Albert and Edward Streets housed His Majestys (opened 1888), the Wintergarden (opened in 1924), and the Majestic (opened 1915, rebuilt as Odeon 1957). Three other venues had operated in Queen Street but were closed by 1923: the Pavilion and Strand De Luxe Theatres between the site of the Regent and Albert Street, and Wests Olympia at the corner of Queen and North Quay. Nearby in Albert Street were The Tivoli (built as a theatre in 1915 and converted to a cinema in 1927), the Empire (opened 1911, renamed St James in 1933, and the Paris in 1965), and the Lyceum (1909, remodelled as the Elite in the 1920s and substantially rebuilt in 1965 as the George Twin Cinema) in George Street. Elsewhere were the Theatre Royal in Elizabeth Street (opened 1881, demolished) and Centennial Hall in Adelaide Street (opened 1888, later Coconut Grove dance hall and Guild Cafe Theatre, which closed 1949). One of the last to be constructed within the same street block as the Regent was the 1937 Metro Theatre in Albert Street. Some of these were demolished in the 1960s and by 1986 only the George Cinema and the Metro, remodelled as the Albert Cinemas, remained.</p><br>
<p>The architects responsible for the design of the 1929 Regent Theatre Building worked in association. They were Charles Neville Hollinshed, a Melbourne-based architect, and Richard Gailey Junior, a prominent Brisbane practitioner who, among other commissions, had designed the nearby Brisbane Arcade for Dr James Mayne in 1924. Hollinshed was involved with other large theatre projects, including a number in Melbourne such as the Fitzroy Regent, the Comedy Theatre and the refurbishment of Her Majesty&#39;s. Aaron Bolot, then an employee of Gailey, also worked on the project. Their designs were featured in the Architecture and Building Journal of Queensland; first in June and July 1927, later through 1928, and into 1929, where the scale and splendour of the building were amply described. The Queen Street section - occupied by April 1929 - comprised a basement, a street-facing shop, four levels of commercial tenancies, the entrance hall, and the grand foyer. It was originally to be the Capitol Building, which is why there are intertwined CBs on the front facade. The theatre was constructed on the larger Elizabeth Street site and included six shops at street level and a 200-space basement car-park, accessible from Elizabeth Street.</p><br>
<p>The brick shell of the theatre building on Elizabeth Street enclosed a composite steel and concrete frame with ancillary timber framing used to support the floors and ceilings and their decorative features. The Regent in Brisbane reflected the evolution of the picture palace concept devised by Samuel Lionel "Roxy" Rothapfels 1913 Regent Theatre in New York which created a fantasy interior where audiences could lose themselves within an evocatively decorated atmospheric picture palace. This style was perpetuated by Hoyts in a chain of Regent theatres built across Australia in the 1920s, in Melbourne, South Yarra, Ballarat, Perth, Sydney and Adelaide. Two more were built in New Zealand in Auckland and Palmerston North. The Brisbane Regents interiors were a blend of Gothic, Baroque and Classical themes. Two building contractors were employed on the Brisbane Regent: AJ Dickenson for the theatre component and J & EL Rees for the Queen Street section. Construction and fit-out costs, including furnishings (some of which reputedly were antiques collected from overseas), paintings, the main chandelier, Belgian carpets, a Wurlitzer organ, and a state-of-the-art air conditioning system, amounted to around &pound;400,000.</p><br>
<p>Almost a year after the tenancies on Queen Street were completed, the Regent Theatre opened on 8 November 1929 being described as "palatial", "rich in detail" and "strikingly beautiful". Seating more than 2500 patrons it was one of the largest theatres in Australia and comprised an extensive stage with fly tower and a large movie screen and stage, modern lighting facilities, three talking machines, and a &pound;25,000 Wurlitzer organ from New York. A large dome stretching above the stalls featured a one-ton bronze chandelier in the centre of an oval ceiling medallion set within a "sunburst" surround. The elaborate decorative plaster work was prepared by Picton Hopkins and Son Pty Ltd in Melbourne with some involvement by the local Decorative Tile Company in its installation, which also completed the marble tiling. The ornament moulds were designed and cast in Melbourne. The final plaster pieces were cast in situ in Brisbane and then fixed into place and painted. A new proprietary board product known as "Craftex" was used to replicate stone and marble on the walls. The Mollocco Brothers of Sydney created the marble work on the staircase. The furniture and artworks used throughout the building had been selected by the Managing Director of Hoyts, Frank Thring Senior, during his travels in Europe. He had been a Managing Director with JC Williamson Films Ltd before it merged in 1926 with Hoyts Pty Ltd to form Hoyts Theatres Ltd. Thring went on to make the first Australian "talkies" with his company Efftee Film Productions in 1930-31.The Regent tenanted office building operated successfully from April 1929, when its first tenant, a dressmaking academy was soon joined by hairdressers, estate agents, accountants, a costume designer and the Western Electric Company which provided sound reproduction equipment. A cafe was located on the ground floor facing Queen Street and in 1949 tea rooms operated on the second floor. Hoyts had offices in the basement level, which ran the entire length of the building.</p><br>
<p>The Regent, like other theatres of the time, offered a temporary escape from the harsh reality of life during the Depression. The theatre also showed newsreels, keeping audiences informed of current events, which was particularly important during World War II. The introduction of drive-in theatres from the mid 1950s and television from 1959 in Queensland were largely responsible for the decline in attendances at these large picture theatres. From the 1970s, cinema companies began constructing multiplexes to cater for smaller audience numbers watching a wider range of films.</p><br>
<p>From late 1969 Hoyts and the trustees of the Mayne Estate began devising proposals to redevelop the Regent Theatre. The manager of Hoyts Queensland revealed these plans in The Courier-Mail in January 1973 which prompted the National Trust of Queensland to investigate the historic value of the theatre and include it on the organisation&#39;s heritage list from July 1974. In view of the looming date of 1977, when the lease granted to Hoyts over the Mayne estate land would expire, it was decided that the best option for the continued generation of income was to replace the existing theatre with a number of smaller cinemas. The local architectural firm commissioned by the trustees to complete the design for this proposal was Lange L Powell, Dods and Thorpe. The National Trust made an objection to a preliminary application lodged with the Brisbane City Council and succeeded in postponing the project. In the meantime the organisation presented alternative plans, which were eventually deemed economically unviable. A final application was approved by the Brisbane City Council in June 1978 for a scheme that retained the entrance hall and grand foyer, cafe and offices but replaced the auditorium with four cinemas and a shopping arcade. An active local "Save the Regent" campaign began the following month, just after the National Heritage Commission announced that the theatre would be included on its National Register.</p><br>
<p>The final film screening in the original Regent Theatre was on 27 August 1978, demolition being planned for a few weeks later. The University of Queensland Senate tried to postpone the redevelopment while options to convert the Regent to a live theatre venue were further explored, and the Building Workers Industrial Union imposed a Green Ban on the site from 12 September to facilitate these discussions. This was lifted on 8 December, when again no commercially viable option for retaining the theatre had been found.</p><br>
<p>Workers began demolition on Saturday 9 December 1979. Newspaper reports indicate that seven or eight young men demolished the interior with sledge hammers, axes and chain saws. Plaster on the walls was broken up, the royal boxes destroyed, and seats either kicked in or thrown from the upper windows to the ground. The plaster decoration around the screen was destroyed although the ceiling remained intact on Monday 11 December. The University Senate stated that the trustees&#39; architects had been on site to ensure that any items required for the redevelopment were retained. Some of the interior fittings were salvaged for local cinemas such as the Majestic Theatre at Pomona. The "Save the Regent" organisation complained to the Labour Relations Minister over the demolition and for breaches of the Construction Safety Act 1971, for which a prosecution was initiated in December 1979.</p><br>
<p>After some delays during construction, the $5 million redevelopment opened on 2 August 1980, being known as the Hoyts Entertainment Centre. Apart from the new, much smaller cinemas, one of which was decorated with plaster ornament either salvaged or recast from the 1929 originals, the building contained a ground level vestibule and bar adjacent to this embellished cinema that were fitted out in a similar manner. Two cinemas with their own "modern" foyer were installed on an upper level accessed via the grand staircase, and a food outlet (MacDonald&#39;s) was set up in the basement. The Regent Building facing Queen Street remained intact with minor alterations and served as an entrance to the new cinema complex.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, under the Queensland Heritage Act 1992 (the Act), the Hoyts Entertainment Centre was provisionally entered in the newly created Queensland Heritage Register (QHR). The heritage boundary attached to this listing encompassed all that remained of the original Regent Theatre Building, including the new cinemas within the remnant theatre shell. An objection to the inclusion of these parts was lodged the following year. As required by the Act an independent assessor was appointed to investigate the objection and concluded that the building component on Elizabeth Street, where the four cinemas had been inserted, was not of significance and that this area should not be permanently entered in the heritage register. In 1994, after considering the independent assessor&#39;s report, the Heritage Council reduced the boundary to its current extent. Recent applications to enter the remnants of the 2500-seat theatre that once stood on Elizabeth Street were thoroughly investigated, but concluded that they did not meet the criteria for entry in the Register.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Theatre complex continued operation in various guises until June 2010, hosting among other gala events the annual Brisbane International Film Festival (BIFF) since about 1995 and housing BIFF administration. A development is planned that encompasses the Regent, Wintergarden Shopping Centre and Hilton Hotel sites, contiguous along Queen and Elizabeth Streets. The project involves the demolition of the Regent cinema box and the four cinemas within it and construction of a commercial office tower on the site. It also involves conservation works to the heritage-listed Regent Building, including the tenanted building on Queen Street, the entrance hall and grand foyer and the integration of the latter into the new mixed-used complex.</p><br>
<h3>The Theatre in the 70s to the 2000s</h3><br>
<p>In 1978 the Regent was marked for demolition by Hoyts and The University of Queensland Mayne Trust, but after lobbying from the Save the Regent campaign, a partial compromise was met. The original building was saved in its entirety and only the interior decorations, mostly being plaster, were removed. A large portion of these interior decorations were later incorporated into the Regent cinemas. The marble staircase and vaulted ceilings of the entrance hall, grand foyer and mezzanine foyer were saved, complete with ceiling murals and many other plaster castings.</p><br>
<p>The four Regent cinemas were built inside the original 1929 building, as a stand-alone structure. Cinema One, later known as the showcase cinema was created using the original decorations, saved from the original theatre auditorium.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the building was added to the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<p>The basement car park was rebuilt, housing what was for many years until 2003, the largest McDonald&#39;s restaurant in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The Regent held the honour of housing the largest screens for a cinema in Brisbane for many years, and retained its position as the most popular cinema well into the 2000s.</p><br>
<p>In 2001, Hoyts and Greater union merged, forcing Hoyts to surrender its activity on the site due to an Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ruling. The cinemas were then operated by Greater Union for a period. In 2003, the building was leased by Birch, Carroll & Coyle who refurbished cinemas three and four, giving them two separate colour schemes of blue for cinema three and red for cinema four.</p><br>
<p>When Birch Carrol Coyle rebuilt the Myer Centre cinema, they lost all interest in maintaining the Regent and allowed the cinemas to run into disrepair. They quickly fell out of favour, leaving the property owners to question the future viability of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, the University of Queensland Mayne Trust sold the property to the Industry Superannuation Property Trust who then commissioned multinational property developer Brookfield Multiplex to redevelop it.</p><br>
<h3>Office tower development</h3><br>
<p>The heritage listed Regent Theatre historic facade, entry and mezzanine foyer are to be retained in a redevelopment of the site. The majority of the building was controversially demolished to make way for a forty storey office tower and carpark. The Bligh Labor state government has been criticised for the lack of consultation and intervention regarding the decision, similar to the circumstances of the demolition of the original theatre.</p><br>
<p>Following several warnings, in March 2012 the Regent Tower developers Brookfield Multiplex, were fined by the Brisbane City Council for breaching project guidelines. This came after the revelation that historic grotesques were destroyed on the Elizabeth Street portion of the building. The controversy centred around the broken promise by the Planning Minister in the state government, Stirling Hinchliffe who said that the items would be preserved.</p><br>
<p>A new "Save The Regent" group was formed in 2008, reminiscent of the original group formed in the 1970s. The group staged a public battle to save the Regent on the grounds that it continued to perform its original function, screening motion pictures, and that much of the original fabric remained at the site. Several public protests were held including a street march to the building&#39;s Elizabeth St facade.</p><br>
<p>The battle was lost and the Regent was demolished between June 2011 and March 2012. The office tower will not have any cinemas but will contain three multifunction auditoria which can possibly be used as cinemas. These are only permitted to operate on weekends and include a new Queensland Film and Television Centre.</p><br>
<p>In May 2013, Brisbane Development news site reported that the Regent Tower development was defunct. Similarly, the official regenttower.com.au website was shut down.</p><br>
<p>In November 2014 the Brisbane City Council moved the Brisbane Visitor Information Centre into the entrance hall and grand foyer of the Regent. At the opening ceremony, Regent Tower development director Chris McCluskey stated "the project would go ahead but the kind of space was still to be determined. We&#39;re going through a redesign process at the moment and looking at alternative ways to deliver that project in line with market conditions. There is significant office space in the CBD, so we are looking for the right space to suit market conditions."</p><br>
<p>As of December 2014 construction was yet to commence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Regent Building is located at 167 Queen Street, with public access off the Queen Street Mall between Edward and Albert Streets. Within the vicinity of the Regent are the 1924 Brisbane Arcade, the 1930 National Australia Bank, the 1981 Wintergarden Shopping Centre and the 1986 Hilton Hotel. Occupying approximately half of lot 2 on RP49018 on its Queen Street side, this five-storey building is what remains intact of the original theatre complex. It contains the decorated entrance hall, an adjacent small retail tenancy and a coffee shop (spaces originally part of single tenancy) at ground level. On levels one to four above ground there are tenantable offices, while below ground there is a basement. Behind this part of the building, connected to the hall by a wide set of stairs and three double doors, is the grand foyer with its marble staircase. The heritage boundary takes in the wall, its openings and the joinery that forms the south-eastern end of this foyer.</p><br>
<h3>Facades</h3><br>
<p>The Queen Street facade of the Regent Building (completed late 1928) was designed using classically inspired detailing and proportions, and was described as "a Palazzo facade, imbued with an Art Deco flavour". It is symmetrical, with three window bays across and four storeys above ground level, although the fourth floor is stepped back and has no windows on this building face. The first floor features rustication in the form of scored render imitating stonework, and similarly made arched windows topped with moulded keystones and sitting on decorated panels. The second and third floors have plain, giant-order pilasters, with stylised "Composite" capitals. All windows retain their original metal frames, featuring a combination of fixed and casement windows with multiple lights. The second floor windows sit on a sill of Italianate balusters, running between the pilasters. Below the third floor windows are moulded tripartite panels featuring centred oval medallions. Inside the medallions are the entwined letters CB (standing for Capitol Building). Panels between the pilaster capitals are decorated with festoons. The frieze features paired rosettes at each end framing the name "REGENT BVILDING" lettered across its centre. An exaggerated cornice supported on closely spaced brackets projects over the frieze and is roofed with terracotta-style tiles presenting small, semi-circular profiles to the street. Topping the building is a parapet, which combines solid sections corresponding to the pilasters below and intervening open sections of Italianate balusters.</p><br>
<p>Part of the south-western (side) facade of the Regent Building is visible from the Queen Street Mall, revealing a general scheme of orange brickwork infill walls and concrete framing. The central section has a large, concrete-framed bay window, which supports a small corrugated fibro-sheeted awning with gutter. The metal windows on levels two, three and four are original, either large sets including four awning leafs each divided into four lights, or a narrow set including two pivoting leafs, one above the other, each divided into four lights. While the sills on the first two levels are concrete, those on the top are brick. The two windows at the southern end of this wall to level three are sheltered by an early hood made with light timber framing, fibro roof sheeting, guttering and flat metal sheet braces. All glass appears to be frosted with a fine wire mesh embedded in it. The opposite, north-eastern facade is not visible from the street as the Wintergarden Building has been built to that boundary.</p><br>
<h3>Roofs</h3><br>
<p>A combination of gable, saw-toothed and flat roof sections cover the top level of the Regent Building facing Queen Street. A large gable and skillion clad in ribbed metal roof sheeting sits over the grand foyer. (Aerial information suggests the roofing cladding of the front section of the building is also ribbed metal.)</p><br>
<p>At street level, the Regent Building frontage is divided in two, with access to the entrance hall on the right hand side and a small retail tenancy on the left. The facade under the awning is largely clad in marble with a strip of modern signage running as a frieze above the doorways. The awning cantilevers over the Queen Street Mall by approximately three metres with metal tie rods providing support from above. Otherwise clad in metal roof sheeting, the underside to the awning features contoured metal-sheet housing for numerous rows of light bulbs. Several recent illuminated signs hang from here. An ornamental leadlight fringe runs along the south-west and north-west edges of the awning. Dating from the heyday of the theatre, this decoration, aside from other features of the awning, is considered to be of heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Ground floor interiors</h3><br>
<p>Entering from the Queen Street Mall, the components of the building that served the Regent Theatre are: the single-height threshold space off the street; the large, double-height entrance hall; and beyond this the elaborate grand foyer, which retains the marble staircase that once led to the 1929 theatre&#39;s mezzanine promenade. The interiors of all these spaces are extravagantly ornamented in a confection of styles, which include Art Deco, Spanish Gothic, Baroque and Neo-classical or Empire. A key strategy employed in the design of picture palaces of this era, these styles are freely used to create eclectic visual effects without concern for historical or stylistic accuracy. These spaces form an impressive sequence, retaining coherence despite the mixture of decorative styles.</p><br>
<p>The threshold space between the Queen Street Mall and the entrance hall is single-height, approximately six metres wide and four-and-a-half metres deep. It has a patterned terrazzo floor, marble skirting, a large, classically styled cornice and a central ceiling rose with round light fitting. An alcove on one side features decorative plasterwork in a classical style around its border, as does the lintel forming the opening between it and the entrance hall. Recent features such as signage and television screens are not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<p>The entrance hall is a long, high-ceilinged space that acts as a thoroughfare between the Queen Street Mall, the coffee shop, the upper-level tenancies and the grand foyer. After passing through the threshold space, there is a ticket booth immediately on the right hand side (possibly containing elements from the original ticket booth in the grand foyer beyond). It is approximately eight metres long and has a waist-height marble counter with an attached metal screen that extends to above head height on two sides.</p><br>
<p>The coffee shop has recent fittings and furnishings, although sections of the Art Deco-style cornice here appear to be original fabric. Closest to the street are two simple rectangular openings, while the opening closest to the grand foyer has a timber frame and semi-circular fanlight with frosted glass lights. Two openings nearest the Mall have been in-filled during the 1979-1980 renovation. The lift and main staircase to the upper floors of the Regent Building are accessed through the rear of the coffee shop and sit in the eastern corner of this part of the building. At the far end of the entrance hall, a set of marble steps spanning its full width lead up to a landing enclosed by three sets of original double doors opening into the grand foyer. Two handrails made of copper with brass divide the stair into three. The double doors are made from timber and have full-height glass lights and chrome fittings. The threshold is polished granite.</p><br>
<h3>Entrance hall</h3><br>
<p>The dominant feature of the entrance hall is its high barrel-vaulted ceiling decorated with Neo-classical Empire-style plasterwork and murals. The decorative pattern consists of raised, geometric shapes and festoons painted bronze, set on a pale background and divided by strips of fretwork. The end vaults are painted with colourful medieval scenes. Two elaborate original chandeliers, with red glass panels and faux candle lights are suspended from the centre of two ceiling medallions. There is an elaborate cornice and the walls resemble courses of travertine block work. Shallow pilasters divide the long walls, with a decorative frieze of small pointed arches running between them. Another frieze line sits further down the wall sections at door head height. Brass candelabras are attached to each pilaster in line with these lower friezes. Above the door openings at either end of the hall are fixed large billboards with ornamental plaster frames surmounted by crowns. The floor is carpeted and has a marble skirting, but the original patterned terrazzo floor, similar to that in the threshold space, is believed to survive beneath the carpet.</p><br>
<h3>Grand foyer</h3><br>
<p>The grand foyer is an impressive single volume with richly ornamented walls and ceiling; predominantly Spanish Gothic with Baroque effects, such as the use of Rococo plasterwork and large mirrored surfaces. It is approximately 22 metres long, 12 metres wide and three-and-a-half storeys high. The doors leading from the entrance hall open into the western corner of the space. To the left stands a recent ticket and snacks counter which, along with various signage, is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance. Centrally placed along the south-eastern wall, and leading up to a mezzanine level, is the grand marble staircase. On either side of it, at ground level, are double doors that lead into spaces outside of the heritage boundary.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling in the grand foyer is vaulted with deep groins that continue down the walls to form alcoves for a series of blind balconies. The entire surface area is painted with medieval-themed figures and patterns. The colour scheme relies on warm colours (predominantly reds, browns, greens and cream) given a yellow cast by the muted lighting. The groined sections of the ceiling are painted in a pattern of twisted vines with a small shield in the centre. The edge between the groined and arched surfaces is defined by a narrow red strip patterned with yellow quatrefoils. On the lowest part of the arched panels various figures in medieval costume are depicted; each standing under the archway of a colonnade, some with shields between them. Moving up towards the centre of the ceiling, another shield, flanked by lions, hovers above the colonnade arches. Spanning the ceiling centre line are three large patterned circles featuring central sunbursts. Hanging from the centre of these are two large lanterns, similar to those featured in the entrance hall.</p><br>
<p>All four walls of the grand foyer are heavily ornamented, most of which follows a dense pattern of thick, vine-like swirls and leaves that are painted mottled cream, beige and pale grey. The pale colour of this encrusted plasterwork and the extensiveness of its use within the foyer (in combination with other elements such as mirrors), are the key reasons for the design style being described as Rococo.</p><br>
<p>The long side walls are each punctuated by four blind balconies, set into the alcoves formed by the elongated ceiling groins. These balcony alcoves have low plasterwork balustrades at their base, tall mirrored panels on the flat wall behind and are capped by elaborate plasterwork canopies, from which red velvet curtains with a gold tasselled fringe are suspended. Below each blind balcony are mirrored panels with a darkly painted plaster border. Between them, from floor level to just below the ceiling, are paired, rounded pilasters encrusted with tracery. Single columns sit between the end balconies and the wall corners. Brass candelabra are fixed between each balcony at balustrade height and concealed lights at the top of the pilasters shine up onto the arched, painted ceiling.</p><br>
<p>Dominating the north-western end wall of the foyer is a large false Gothic window, made from plaster with panels of reflective bronze paint imitating glass. This feature is repeated on the opposite wall, with the lower portion serving as the doorway at the top of the grand marble staircase. Decorative friezes run across the north-western end wall at above door height, and two small lanterns are attached on either side of its Gothic window. All other wall surfaces throughout the grand foyer are scored and painted to resemble travertine block work.</p><br>
<p>A key element in the grand foyer is its staircase, which at approximately five metres wide and nine metres long was built on a scale to suit that of the large space it occupies, as well as to accommodate the numbers of patrons of the former 1929 theatre. It is clad in white marble with grey veins, and its bottom few steps swell out in a shallow curve, flanked on either side by ornate, plaster balustrade end posts that are topped with vessels for displaying flowers. The remainder of the balustrade on either side is made from plaster employing the same style of ornamentation as the walls, with the top surface of the upper rail covered in maroon and white marble and the bottom skirting made of grey-blue and white marble. A copper and brass handrail, similar to the one in the entrance hall, runs up the centre of the staircase. A landing divides the stairs in two, in line with the height of the balconies along the side walls. Both this landing and the one at the top of the stairs are finished with square marble tiles. The end posts at the top of the stairs are simple, square plinths with a marble top and additional plaster flower bowls. The upper landing extends the width of the hall to form a narrow balcony, around which the balustrade of the staircase continues. Square plasterwork panels set into the end wall at this level conceal air-conditioning ducts.</p><br>
<p>The doors leading out of the grand foyer into adjoining spaces on the ground floor match those connecting the foyer and entrance hall. In front of these doors, the wide soffit to the balcony above is decorated with a distinctive pattern of swirls interlocking to form a series of circles and has a circular light fitting in its centre. Beneath the grand marble staircase, accessed through openings on either side, there is a storeroom which retains an original timber door featuring a simple geometric pattern of ribs. Next to this storeroom are stairs that lead down to the basement (currently not in use), which retain original handrails and brackets.</p><br>
<p>Marble skirtings feature throughout the grand foyer, including around the base of the staircase. The floor at ground level is covered in recent carpet, as is the upper landing area on either side of the grand staircase.</p><br>
<h3>Basement</h3><br>
<p>The basement comprises a number of bare rooms stripped of wall, ceiling and floor linings and services after when the last tenants quit the space. The basement section of the stairwell closest to Queen Street has been sealed off, while access is still open from the stairs under the marble staircase in the grand foyer.</p><br>
<h3>Levels one to four tenancies</h3><br>
<p>Of the four levels of tenancies located above the ground floor of the Regent Building, the first three share an original general floor plan, consisting of a central, straight hallway linking various rooms to the lift and stairwell at its southern end. Rooms line this corridor along its length to the south-west and at the Queen Street end of the building, while staircases, toilets and other service spaces occupy the north-eastern side. The 1928 stair winds around a generously scaled void and has a wrought iron balustrade with a timber handrail moulded in a single length. While remaining in its original location next to the 1928 stair, the lift itself is not original. Further along the north-eastern side of the building there is a narrow light well, with toilets between it and the central hallway, and a fire escape staircase at its Queen Street end, which was installed during the building&#39;s 1978-80 redevelopment. The toilets occupy their original positions in the building but have been renovated since being first installed there. The windows looking into the light well, apart from those to the main stairwell (metal-framed), have been removed and the openings filled in. Kitchenettes and services cupboards sit between the 1979 fire escape and the central hallway.</p><br>
<p>A number of features found on level one are of note. The first is a theatrette overlooking Queen Street. It has a small section of tiered seating and a bio box, and is decorated with curtains covering most walls and a number of brass candelabra similar to those found elsewhere in the building and likely to be from the original 1929 fit-out of the Regent Building. There are also sections of cornice matching those present in the cafe downstairs. The second feature is two interwar timber doors with frosted glass upper lights along the south-western side of the corridor on this floor. These open to reveal the ceiling framing above the entrance hall. Further to these are pieces of original architrave, skirting boards and several plaster corbels.</p><br>
<p>On all four of these floors, original parquetry remains under the carpet. It is exposed in the central corridor of level three and its reception area. Suspended ceilings have been installed on these levels, as well as some recent studwork and plasterboard partitioning.</p><br>
<p>The top level (four) sits under a sawtooth roof at the front and two concealed gables at the rear. It is more open plan than the tenantable levels below, however its service spaces around the light well correspond to those below and a central hallway is delineated by columns. Aside from its windows on the south-eastern and south-western walls, there are clerestory windows oriented to Queen Street. A bulkhead disguising ducted air-conditioning has been installed over the central corridor space and in the toilets. Most wall and ceiling linings appear to be recent.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Regent Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Opened in 1929, the location of the Regent Building in Queen Street demonstrates the development of this street as a cultural centre from the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Building is characteristic of a 1920s picture palace, and is one of only four Hoyts/Regent picture palaces constructed in Australia at this time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Building is characteristic of a 1920s picture palace, and is one of only four Hoyts/Regent picture palaces constructed in Australia at this time.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Building is valued by the community, and the ornate interior of the entry foyer has aesthetic quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Regent Building is valued by the community, and the ornate interior of the entry foyer has aesthetic quality.</p><br>
<p>Ebor Falls is a cascade waterfall on the Guy Fawkes River, located near Ebor and about 37 km north-east of Wollomombi on Waterfall Way in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia.</p><br>
<h2>Location and features</h2><br>
<p>The first lookout is on a sealed road, approximately 200 m off the Waterfall Way. This viewing platform shows the upper falls tumbling 115 m over 4 layers of columned basalt rock in two falls. The lower Ebor falls, 600 m further on, plunge over Permian sedimentary rocks into a steep forested gorge below.</p><br>
<p>The falls are a well known tourist attraction within Guy Fawkes River National Park, with viewing platforms of the falls and walking tracks, a rest area with barbecues, an information display, picnic tables and toilet. In 2008 the waterfalls were attracting up to 80,000 visitors each year. Camping is not permitted at Ebor Falls, however camping is available at nearby Cathedral Rock National Park.</p><br>
<p>The falls were first protected in a recreation reserve in 1895. In September 2008 new lookout platforms were opened. These replaced platforms that were destroyed by fire in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Oakwood Cemetery is a 160 acre historic cemetery located in Syracuse, New York. It was designed by Howard Daniels and built in 1859. Oakwood Cemetery was created during a time period in the nineteenth century when the rural cemetery was becoming a distinct landscape type, and is a good example of this kind of landscape architecture.</p><br>
<p>The original 92 acre included about 60 acre of dense oak forest with pine, ash, hickory and maple. A crew of 60 laborers without large-scale earth moving equipment thinned and grouped the trees; today there are many 150-year-old specimens. Students of SUNY-ESF and Syracuse University, whose campuses are adjacent to Oakwood, can regularly be seen in the cemetery for instruction on plant species, capturing insect specimens, cemetery studies, or mammal surveys.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oakwood was an immediate success after its dedication in November 1859. Thousands of visitors led to the establishment of omnibus service directly to the cemetery gates. Additions to the original acreage were laid out in a manner sympathetic to the original design.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>Notable interments at Oakwood Cemetery include:</p><br>
<p>Charles Andrews (1827-1918), Chief Judge of the NY Court of Appeals</p><br>
<p>Edward Gayer Andrews (1825-1907), a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Maltbie D. Babcock (1858-1901), 19th century clergyman and author</p><br>
<p>Union Major General Henry A. Barnum (1833-1892), recipient of the Medal of Honor</p><br>
<p>Stephen D. Dillaye (1820-1884), politician, lawyer, journalist</p><br>
<p>Herbert H. Franklin (1866-1956), American automobile magnate, businessman and industrialist</p><br>
<p>Amos P. Granger (1789-1866), became a General following the War of 1812</p><br>
<p>John A. Green, a Utica native who served as Brigadier General in the Civil War</p><br>
<p>William Jervis Hough (1795-1869), attorney, a General in the New York Militia of Cazenovia, 8th Cavalry Regiment, and a Representative in the United States Congress</p><br>
<p>Jesse Truesdell Peck (1811-1883), a Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church and founder of Syracuse University</p><br>
<p>Joseph Lyman Silsbee (1848-1913), architect</p><br>
<p>Lyman Cornelius Smith (1850-1910), American industrialist</p><br>
<p>Union Major General Edwin Vose Sumner (1797-1863)</p><br>
<p>Comfort Tyler (1764-1827), early pioneer in Syracuse, New York</p><br>
<p>Ernest Lynn Waldorf (1876-1943), American Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Mount Oiz , is one of the most popular summits of Biscay in the Basque Country . Its summits form part of a long range that feeds several rivers: Ibaizabal, Artibai, Lea, Oka and Deva in Gipuzkoa all of them running to the Bay of Biscay.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is clearly distinguished from its surroundings, mostly because of the large antenna and the wind turbines in the top.</p><br>
<p>Its location in the middle of the province and its height provides great views from the summit, from the nearby sea to the surrounding mountains.</p><br>
<p>There are still patches of oaks and beeches on the mountain, but the higher zones are covered by huge pastures where sheep, horses and cows graze. There are wild deer and boars. Birds are shared with the nearby Urkiola natural park.</p><br>
<h2>History and Legend</h2><br>
<p>Oiz is one of the most important places of the history of Biscay and the Basque Country. During the prehistory it was inhabited by shepherds that left an important legacy of megalithic monuments. Later they moved to the valleys where they left the necropolis of San Juan de Momoitio.</p><br>
<p>Oiz is one of the "Hornblower Mountains" from where the assembly of the Lordship of Biscay was gathered in the Middle Ages. This gathering was done by lighting fires and blowing into horns.</p><br>
<p>The legend says that also here Mari, "The Lady of Anboto", has a dwelling. Tradition says that every seven years Mari goes from Anboto to Oiz, and the weather and the good or bad crops depend on where she is.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 1985, Iberia Airlines Flight 610 from Madrid to Bilbao hit the antenna and crashed into the north slopes of Oiz, causing the death of all passengers and crew, 148 people overall.</p><br>
<h2>Hornblower mountains</h2><br>
<p>Bocineros mountains are called (in Basque Deiadar-Mendiak) to five summits of Biscay, in the Basque Country (Spain) from which, using sound and light signals, were summoned to General Meetings of the Lordship of Biscay. These mountains, strategically scattered throughout the territory are:</p><br>
<p>Kolitza of 879 meters in the region of Las Encartaciones.</p><br>
<p>Ganekogorta of 998 meters above Bilbao.</p><br>
<p>Gorbea of 1,481 meters above the Arratia-Nervión on the border with Álava.</p><br>
<p>Oiz of 1,026 meters on the Durango, Lea Artibai and Urdaibai.</p><br>
<p>Sollube of 686 meters above Bermeo Urdaibai and Txorierri.</p><br>
<p>From these peaks, visible from the whole territory, beeps with horns and trumpets made of other materials and bright with big bonfires, which were held up once had dawned, summoning the parents of the General Assembly of Vizcaya were made. This form of announcement would be made since the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent routes</h2><br>
<p>From the road that winds the west side of the massif, where the Viewpoint Bizkaiko Talaia ( Balcony of Biscay) is located, conveniently track marked with signs marking the route to Oiz ( 1,029 m ) by Donesolo hill ( 550 m) ascend toward the pass Arreseburu ( 798 m ) where the chapel of San Cristobal is contact with the runway and the Oiz is made. Other notable hits from the north side are Ziortza (307 m ) or the port of Gontzegarai (360 m ). In the latter case, a track leads to the pass and village Kortaguren ( 595 m ). Going up the mountain directly from this point. On the eastern side the ascent is from the port of Trabakua (405 m ) by Zengotitagana hill (812 m ) to connect with the eastern hillock of Mount Oiz.</p><br>
<p>Access times</p><br>
<p>Durango ( 3h 30m ) by Sarrimendi.</p><br>
<p>Garai (3h ) for track Oiz.</p><br>
<p>Balcony of Vizcaya ( 1h 30m ).</p><br>
<p>Pt. Trabakua ( 1h 30m ).</p><br>
<p>Kareri Lake is a high altitude, shallow, fresh water lake south of the Dhauladhar range approximately 9 km North West of Dharamsala in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh. Its surface is 2934 metres above the sea level. Snow melting from the Dhauladhar range serves as the source of the lake and a stream, Nyund is the outflow. Since the source is fresh melting snow and the lake is shallow, water visibility is very high and in most places, the lake bed can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Kareri lake is best known for being a trekking destination in the Dhauladhars. The lake remains frozen from early December to March–April. There is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and Shakti on a hilltop overlooking the lake. A few gaddi kothis are present on the other side of the lake, an area which is used by the gaddis as a grazing ground for their animals. Kareri Lake serves as a base for trekking further into the Dhauladhar and onward to Chamba and Bharmour via the Minkiani Pass (4250m) and Baleni Pass (3710m).</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Kareri Lake is named after the nearby gaddi village of Kareri, situated 9 km south east of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>Accessibility</h2><br>
<p>Kareri Lake is not connected by a road. The closest roadhead is at Nolli village, which is on the route from Salli village to Kareri Village. One can stay overnight at the Snow Monk Camp in Salli for preparations. From Salli village, there are 2 options of visiting Kareri Lake. If someone has just 1 night, then the route via Nolli village offers that option. One can drive till Nolli Village and start the trek to return the next day after camping.</p><br>
<p>If there are 2 nights at disposal, then the second relatively lesser known, easy and lovely route is along the Khauli river from Salli Village, which flows from the glaciers under the Baleni Pass. From Salli village, one can trek for 7-8 km / 4 hours approximately and reach the camp at Daled. With a two-night stay at Daled, one can climb to Kareri Lake over the ridge on the right flank. The entire route is scenic with dense forest, river, meadows and then the highlands of Daled and Chagroutu.</p><br>
<p>The other traditional route is accessed through a 9 km dirt road linking Kareri village from Ghera. Ghera is accessed either by shared jeep from Dharamsala (17 km, about one hour) or on foot from Naddi (about 2 km by forest trails). The schedule of jeeps from Dharamsala to Ghera is irregular, and jeeps from Ghera to Kareri even more so. A taxi from Ghera to Dharamsala costs 800 Rupees as of early 2016. The trail is not well marked and a guide may be required. It is a long, near about 6km trek and moderate trail. It is steep and more adventurous in the last portion of about 1km up to the lake from this side of the route wherein you have to climb a mountain via a steep route alongside a stream which flows from the very same mountain.The lake surrounded by mountain tops on all sides is situated just on the other side of the top.</p><br>
<h2>Staying</h2><br>
<p>Hikers may carry their own tents and camp besides the lake. One may also stay in the temple complex on the hill overlooking the lake, however most of the time it is locked. The infrastructure is most basic there. There are 2-3 stone and thatched roof rooms that can accommodate people but they belong to the villagers. Another option is to stay in the gaddi kothis, if travelling with a local guide, which are on the other side of the lake, under the Minkiani Pass. Snow Monk Camp at Salli village has all the necessary equipment&#39;s, guides etc and may be used as a resource for staying at the Kareri Lake.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek is a long source tributary of Nescopeck Creek so part of the Susquehanna River drainage basin. It is also the second & longer stream of the same name recognized by the USGS GNIS system in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania,USGS GNIS system, http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:2:391509557497:fsp_sort_6::RP&fsp_region_id=1339877746699361276 search by name in Pennsylvania. Relative lengths from other data sources, but GNIS data puts the differences at over 20 miles. </p><br>
<p>in the United States&mdash;compared to the Black Creek beyond the ridgeline of the drainage divide, so in the Lehigh River valley and Carbon County. The headwaters of both Black Creeks in Luzerne county are only a few miles apart, and both valleys were traversed by the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike (Lehigh-Susquehanna Turnpike) in the first half of the 19th-century.</p><br>
<p>The J-on-its-long-side-shaped brook is approximately long, and in the early 1800s the sides of its valley became the path of the Lausanne-Nescopeck Turnpike (Lehigh-Susquehanna Turnpike)&mdash; connecting Philadelphia and the Delaware basin communities to the new settlements in the mid-Susquehanna and Wyoming valleys via paths along the banks of the Lehigh and the Susquehanna Rivers.</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>Black Creek begins in Foster Township and flows southwest for less than a mile, passing though the community of Jeddo. The creek then enters Hazle Township, where it turns west and flows between two mountains, along the way passing through the community of South Ebervale. Further downstream, the creek leaves the two mountains and flows north of Hazleton, crossing Pennsylvania Route 940 and Pennsylvania Route 309, immediately after which it receives the tributary Little Black Creek. Slightly further downstream it enters West Hazleton, crossing Pennsylvania Route 93 and receiving the tributary Stony Creek, then crossing Interstate 81 in West Hazleton. Upon leaving West Hazleton, it reenters Hazle Township and continues west, soon crossing into Sugarloaf Township. Here for a few miles it flows roughly parallel to the border between Sugarloaf and Hazle townships, then turns southwest and enters Black Creek Township, passing briefly through Hazle Township. In Black Creek Township, the creek continues west, passing through communities of Gum Run, Derringer, Fern Glen and Gowen. At Gowen it turns north and flows through a water gap, with Buck Mountain to the west. On the other side of the water gap, the creek flows through Rock Glen and picks up the tributary Falls Run. Continuing north for a few miles, it picks up tributaries Barnes Run and Scotch Run, then turns northeast for slightly over a mile, reaching its confluence with Nescopeck Creek near the community of Tank.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek joins Nescopeck Creek 8.72 mi upstream of its mouth.</p><br>
<h2>Hydrology</h2><br>
<p>The entire length of Black Creek is considered by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection to be impaired by acid mine drainage, the main sources of which are the Gowen and Derringer deep mine discharges; a number of smaller sources of abandoned mine drainage also contribute to impairment of the Black Creek watershed.</p><br>
<p>At the mouth of Black Creek, the daily load of aluminum is 636.98 lb. The iron and manganese loads at this site are 269.19 lb and 457.05 lb per day. The daily load of acidity is 4,332.93 lb. Just downstream of Buck Mountain, the load of aluminum is 809.18 lb per day, while the load of iron is 281.99 lb per day. The daily manganese load at this point is 520.51 lb. The daily load of acidity is 5,823.65 lb.</p><br>
<p>The discharge of Black Creek is 769.33 gallons per minute in its upper reaches. By the Hazleton High School, it increases to 2253.6 gallons per minute and by the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant it increases to 5109 gallons per minute. Downstream of the wastewater treatment plant, the discharge is 22787.5 gallons per minute; at the bridge at Tomhicken it is 31227.33 gallons per minute, and at the State Route 3020 bridge it is 31824.17 gallons per minute. Above and below the Gowen Discharge, the creek&#39;s discharge is 32659.33 and 46529.5 gallons per minute respectively. Upstream of the State Route 3018 bridge, the discharge is 55684.17 gallons per minute and near the mouth it is 53938.56 gallons per minute.</p><br>
<p>The pH of Black Creek in its upper reaches ranges from 6.1 to 6.4. At the Hazleton High School it ranges from 4.9 to 6 and at the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant from 5.5 to 6. Downstream of the plant the pH ranges between 6.4 and 7. At the bridge at Tomhicken it ranges from 6.1 to 6.7 and at the State Route 3020 bridge from 6.2 to 6.8. Above and below the Gowen Discharge, the creek&#39;s pH ranges from 6.3 to 6.8 and 4.6 and 6.2 respectively. Upstream of the State Route 3018 bridge, the pH ranges from 4.6 to 6.3 and near the mouth between 4.6 and 6.8.</p><br>
<h2>Chemical hydrology (aluminum, iron, manganese, and acidity)</h2><br>
<p>Just downstream of the Gowen Discharge, the daily load of aluminum in Black Creek is 846.58 lb, nearly 12 times higher than the load just upstream of the discharge, which is 70.60 lb per day. Just downstream of the discharge, the daily iron load is 260.77 lb and just upstream of the discharge, it is 146.43 lb. Immediately downstream of the discharge, the manganese and acidity loads are 530.86 lb and 170.67 lb, respectively. Immediately upstream of the discharge, the acidity load is 5,816.18 lb.</p><br>
<p>Just downstream of the State Route 3020 bridge near Derringer, the load of aluminum in Black Creek is 66.88 lb per day. The daily loads of manganese and iron are 149.69 lb and 78.35 lb. At the bridge at Tomhicken, the daily aluminum and iron loads are 76.26 lb and 185.64 lb, respectively. The daily manganese load is 88.13 lb. Downstream of a wastewater treatment plant, the daily aluminum and iron loads are 53.82 lb and 120.87 lb, respectively. The daily manganese load is 58.38 lb.</p><br>
<p>At the Hazleton Wastewater Treatment Plant, the daily aluminum load of Black Creek is 1.73 lb. The iron load is 4.56 lb per day and the manganese load is 20.25 lb per day. The daily acidity load is 107.58 lb. Behind the Hazleton High School, the daily aluminum load of the creek is 12.88 lb. The iron load is 31.88 lb per day and the manganese load is 7.74 lb per day. The daily acidity load is 90.94 lb. In the upper reaches of the creek, the daily aluminum load is 19.19 lb. The iron load is 5.28 lb per day and the manganese load is 4.42 lb per day. The daily acidity load is 170.37 lb.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geology</h2><br>
<p>The elevation near the mouth of Black Creek is 626 ft above sea level. Elevation at the source is between 1,580 ft and 1,600 ft. From its source to 9.5 mi downstream, Black Creek&#39;s elevation decreases at a rate of 15.8 ft per mile. For the next 7 mi, elevation decreases at a rate of 42.9 ft per mile. From there to the mouth, elevation falls at a rate of 58.4 ft per mile.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek&#39;s topography is described in a 1921 book as "mountainous". The upper part of the creek is in a broad valley, the lower part in a narrow valley. There are some swamps in the upper reaches. The channel is sinuous, flowing through rock formations of sandstone and shale which include coal.</p><br>
<p>An area known as Black Creek Flats, situated along the creek near Hazleton, is on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory, although damaged by mining in the past.</p><br>
<p>There is a cataract on Black Creek near Interstate 81. There are also strainers on the creek.</p><br>
<h2>Watershed and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The watershed of Black Creek, with an area of 61.70 square miles.,</p><br>
<p>It is possible to access the headwaters of Black Creek via Pennsylvania Route 309.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek flows through coal mining lands in its upper reaches and woodlands in its lower reaches. The creek is contaminated with runoff from Hazleton and coal mines, as well as with sewage and bacteria in its upper reaches.</p><br>
<p>It is possible to canoe on 14.6 mi of Black Creek during the spring within one day of heavy rain. Edward Gertler describes the scenery along the creek as "very good to poor" in his book Keystone Canoeing. Difficulty largely ranges from 1 to 4- with areas of 6. Gertler describes the creek as a "little-known whitewater wonder". Difficult rapids are found in the lower reaches among other places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Coal mining has occurred in the watershed of Black Creek as well as watersheds of some of its tributaries such as Little Black Creek and Cranberry Creek.</p><br>
<p>In 1921, the three largest communities in the Black Creek watershed were Hazleton, Freeland, and West Hazleton, with populations of 25452, 6197 and 4715 respectively. Other communities in the watershed include Drifton, Jeddo, Rock Glen and Gowen, with 1921 populations of 2129, 377, 317 and 306 respectively.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1900s, the Pennsylvania Railroad followed Black Creek in its lower reaches. The Lehigh Valley railroad passed through the watershed&#39;s upper reaches. Main industries in the watershed at the time included coal mining and agriculture. Numerous tributaries of Black Creek were also used as water supply.</p><br>
<h2>Biology</h2><br>
<p>There are hemlocks in a glen in the lower reaches of Black Creek. Additionally, a number of species inhabit the Black Creek Flats, which are listed on the Luzerne County Natural Areas Inventory. These include the common roadside skipper, the seepage dancer, the bog copper, the Hartford fern, the elfin skimmer, the long dash, the eyed brown, and the Aphrodite fritillary.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek is a 4.4 mi brookU.S. Geological Survey, National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ The National Map , accessed April 1, 2011</p><br>
<p>tributary of the Lehigh River in Carbon County, Pennsylvania in the United States,.Gertler, Edward. Keystone Canoeing, Seneca Press, 2004.</p><br>
<p>Its waters start at the very south edge of Weatherly, Pennsylvania at the confluence of Beaver and Quakake Creeks, then runs nearly due east to its mouth on the Lehigh River in Maple Hollow at the former railroad depot of Penn Haven Junction just east of Hinkles Valley. The confluence was a waypoint along the 19th-century Lehigh & Susquehanna Turnpike Black Creek has two major tributaries joining within Weatherly, the 7 mi long Beaver Creek (Carbon County)Measured using Google maps ruler tool from source to confluence with Quakake Creek &mdash; which merge creates Black Creek and the network of streams combining as Quakake Creek.</p><br>
<p>The tributary Quakake Creek, is the more dispersed and disorganized source waters, originating in over half-a-dozen small streams; it is also listed by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) as a variant name for Black Creek.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek was named because of the because of the dark background pigment in the water created by anthracite coal, but this was a later development as its confluence origin and main course easterly became far more important hosting Railroad trackage than the Turnpike ever hoped to become. Historically, Black Creek was also known as Hazel Creek, stemming from the hazlenut trees that grew alongside its banks,http://articles.mcall.com/1988-04-18/news/2634596_1_stream-east-side-beaver-meadow-railroad How Weatherly Got Its Name, And Other Historical Facts</p><br>
<p>though that name in the present-day is given a tributary of Beaver Creek closer to Beaver Meadows, PA.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek, Beaver Creek and Weatherly are all historically related to the Beaver Meadow Railroad, an 1830 predecessor railway to (purchased in 1855 by the newly formed) Lehigh Valley Railroad corporation (LV or LVRR), which grew to be a famous Class I railway. The banks-side footpath from the Lehigh River at the 19th century settlement of Lausanne Landing climbed the steep south slopes of Broad Mountain and followed a chain of watercourses to Nescopeck opposite Shickshinny, PA on the main Susquehanna branch. Initially, in 1830, the Beaver Meadow mining operations sent coal out by pack mules, but then capitalized the railway, when the technology was emergent and untried. Consequently, the creek hosted the first operating steam locomotives employed as mobile traction engines in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Black Creek joins the Lehigh River near the community of Rockport, the closest occupied place to Penn Haven Junction in the midst of the rough terrain of the Lehigh River Gorge.</p><br>
<p>The Krzna is a river in eastern Poland, the left tributary of The Bug. The river is 120 km long. The watershed area of the Krzna is 3,353 km&sup2;. The river flows through Poland&#39;s Lublin Voivodeship. The Krzna arises from the connection of two water jets flowing in the Łuków Forest: Northern Krzna and Southern Krzna which is considered to be the beginning of the Krzna. The river empties to the Bug near the town of Terespol and the village of Neple, close to the Belarus border near, the city of Brest. A canal connects it to the Wieprz.</p><br>
<h2>The Northern Krzna</h2><br>
<p>The Northern Krzna is a short river which connects with the Southern Krzna in the town of Międzyrzec Podlaski. Similarly to the Southern Krzna, the river flows from Łuków Forests, center of which was formerly inaccessible Jata marsh and nowadays it is a wildlife reserve of the same name. The Northern Krzna is shorter than the Southern Krzna. However, its watershed area is bigger. During the Pleistocene epoch, the valley of the Northern Krzna was one of the routes of draining meltwater to the East. Nowadays, it drains the northern area of Łuków Plain, particularly the remainings of a sandur. From the Jata reserve to the village of Gołaszyn, the Northern Krzna is on the terrain of Łuków Park of Protected Landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Features of the Krzna</h2><br>
<p>The Krzna is a naturally meandering river, partially unbended by hydrolological processes which constantly change her original character. In the lower current, the water levels of the Krzna are strictly dependent on the Bug River. A characteristic feature of the Krzna are numerous oxbow lakes.</p><br>
<p>The average flow of the Krzna close to its estuary is 10.5 m3/s. The maximum range of water levels in the lower course is 3.3 m.</p><br>
<p>Some sections of the Krzna valley are taken into protection, e.g. in the Bug River Gorge Landscape Park of Podlachia, ornithological reserve Czapli Stóg and (in the Southern Krzna valley).</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The most important tributaries of the Krzna are:</p><br>
<p>right tributaries: Dziegciarka, Rutka, Zielawa, Czapelka</p><br>
<p>left tributaries: Krzymosza, Piszczanka, Złota Krzywula, Klukówka</p><br>
<h2>The most important towns located by the Krzna</h2><br>
<p>Łuków (Southern Krzna), Międzyrzec Podlaski, Biała Podlaska</p><br>
<p>The Bogd Khan Mountain  is a mountain in Mongolia that overlooks the nation&#39;s capital, Ulaanbaatar, from a height of 3000 feet  above and to the south of the city.</p><br>
<h2>World Heritage Status</h2><br>
<p>The Bogd Khan Mountain, along with Mongolia&#39;s other sacred mountains Burkhan Khaldun and Otgontenger, was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List on August 6, 1996 in the Cultural category. World Heritage sites are those that exhibit universal natural or cultural significance, or both. In 1783 the local Mongolian government of the Qing Dynasty declared the Bogd Khan a protected site, for its beauty. This makes it the oldest legally protected natural area in the world. It is about 7440 feet tall.</p><br>
<h2>Imperial recognition in 1778</h2><br>
<p>In 1778 the Mongolian governor (minister) of Khuree (Urga, present day Ulan-Bator) Sanzaidorj sent a letter to the Qianlong Emperor requesting approval of annual ceremonies dedicated to Mount Bogd Khan Uul. The Mongolian letter and the reply from Beijing in Mongolian is kept in the Central State Archives of Mongolia.</p><br>
<p>The text of governor Sanzaidorj&#39;s letter reads:</p><br>
<p>To this the Board for Administration of Outlying Regions in Beijing replied in Mongolian:</p><br>
<p>Lake Lashaway is a 293 acre pond located near the East Brookfield and North Brookfield, Massachusetts town line. The town line cuts the lake approximately in half. The lake lies just to the north of state Route 9 as it passes through East Brookfield.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The average depth is 10 feet (3.05 m) with the maximum depth about 18 feet (5.49 m). The water is brown in color and quite warm in the summertime. Numerous houses and cabins line the shore, being a summertime retreat for many, and full-time residences for others. A well-known children’s summer camp, Camp Atwater, is on the north shore in North Brookfield. Lake Lashaway is part of the Chicopee River Watershed.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lashaway Dam on the East Brookfield River impounds the waters of the Five Mile River and a local aquifer in North Brookfield, forming Lake Lashaway. Outflow from this dam feeds Quaboag Pond, about two miles (3 km) down the river, the headwaters of the Quaboag River.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lashaway offers good fishing for many warm water fish. A survey conducted in 1994 showed thirteen species including Large and Small-mouth Bass, Chain Pickerel, Yellow Perch, White Perch, Black Crappie, Bluegill, Pumpkinseed, Brown and Yellow Bullhead, Golden Shiner, and Sucker. The lake was stocked with Northern Pike in the past.</p><br>
<h2>Coordinates</h2><br>
<h3>Lake Lashaway Dam</h3><br>
<p>42&deg;13&prime;34&Prime;N latitude, 72&deg;03&prime;00&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<h3>Lake Lashaway</h3><br>
<p>42&deg;14&prime;05&Prime;N latitude, 72&deg;02&prime;41&Prime;W longitude</p><br>
<p>Bolshoi Tyuters  is an island in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, located 75 km away from the coast of Finland, to the south-east from Hogland. The island is a part of the Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The area is approximately 8.3 km&sup2;. There are no permanent inhabitants, save for a lighthouse keeper.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was populated by Finns from the 16th century to 1939. After the Soviet Union attacked Finland in the Winter War, the island, along with other Finnish islands in the Gulf of Finland and communities in Finnish Karelia, was ceded to the Soviet Union under the Moscow Peace Treaty of 1940. Islanders were among the Finnish evacuees, and after World War II they were not permitted to return to their homes.</p><br>
<p>Before the war, the island was a lively Finnish fishing and trading community, with a population of 436 in 1939. Many cargo and fishing ships were registered to the island. It had a wooden church built in 1772, a Finnish graveyard, a school, a lighthouse built in 1904, a Finnish Coast Guard station and a weather forecast station. Tourism was a growing business in 1920–39. The name Tytärsaari means "Daughter Island" in Finnish.</p><br>
<p>Bolshoi Tyuters is sometimes referred to as the "mined island" because its World War II minefields have not been cleared. Thousands of rusting pieces of German equipment and weaponry, including artillery and ammunition, are scattered on the island.</p><br>
<p>The Pico House is a historic building in Los Angeles, California, dating from its days as a small town in Southern California. Located on 430 North Main Street, it sits across the old Los Angeles Plaza from Olvera Street and El Pueblo de Los Angeles Historic Monument.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pío Pico, a successful businessman who was the last Mexican Governor of Alta California, ordered construction of a luxury hotel in the growing town. The architect was Ezra F. Kysor, who also designed the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana, and it was constructed between 1869 and 1870. The resulting Italianate three storey, 33-room hotel, dubbed Pico House (or Casa de Pico) was the most extravagant and lavish hotel in Southern California, and its opening was cause for much celebration. It had a total of nearly 80 rooms, large windows, a small interior court, and a grand staircase. In the days of the hotel&#39;s primacy the courtyard featured a fountain and an aviary of exotic birds. The structure forms three sides of a trapezoid whose open end immediately abuts the adjacent Merced Theatre, thus forming the courtyard. The back of the hotel faces Sanchez Street, where the large gate used by supply wagons and other large vehicles can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>Its time in the spotlight did not last very long. By 1876, the Southern Pacific Railroad had linked the city with the rest of the country and more residents and businessmen began pouring in. Pio Pico himself started having financial troubles, and lost the hotel to the San Francisco Savings and Loan Company.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the hotel was so crowded with guests that Manager Dunham secured 30 rooms on the opposite side of the street, "and still the cry is more room."</p><br>
<p>The business center of the city began to move south and, by 1900, the condition of the building began to decline. After decades as a shabby lodging house, it finally passed into the hands of the State of California in 1953, and it now belongs to the El Pueblo de Los Angeles State Historic Monument. Parts of this building were renovated in 1981 and 1992. The ground floor is occasionally used for exhibits and other events.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark</h2><br>
<p>The Pico House is listed as a California Historical Landmark (No. 159) and a National Historic Landmark as a part of the Los Angeles Plaza Historic District (NPS-72000231).</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The rear of Pico House was used in the TV show The Mentalist. It is used as the headquarters of the fictional California Bureau of Investigation and is frequently seen during the show.</p><br>
<p>On January 7, 2011, the building was featured on Travel Channel&#39;s Ghost Adventures, with special guests Kane Hodder, R.A. Mihailoff, and Rick McCullum.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid of the Magician  is a Mesoamerican step pyramid located in the ancient, Pre-Columbian city of Uxmal, Mexico. The structure is also referred to as the Pyramid of the Dwarf, Casa el Adivino, and the Pyramid of the Soothsayer. The pyramid is the tallest and most recognizable structure in Uxmal.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Pyramid of the Magician (El Adivino) is the central structure in the Maya ruin complex of Uxmal. The Pyramid of the Magician is also referred to as the Pyramid of the Soothsayer. Uxmal is located in the Puuc region of Mexico and was one of the largest cities on the Yucatán Peninsula. At its height, Uxmal was home to about 25,000 Maya. Like other Puuc sites, the city flourished from 600-1000 AD, with the great building period taking place between 700 and 1000 AD. The name Uxmal means thrice-built in the Mayan language, referring to the many layers of construction of its most imposing structure.</p><br>
<p>The city of Uxmal was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 as it is considered that the ruins of the ceremonial structures represent the pinnacle of late Maya art and architecture in their design, layout and ornamentation. The Pyramid of the Magician dominates the center of the complex and is located at the tourist entrance to the central court. It is positioned on the eastern side of the city, with its western face overlooking the Nunnery Quadrangle and is situated so that its western stairway faces the setting sun at the summer solstice.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the first pyramid temple began in the 6th century AD and the structure was expanded over the next 400 years.</p><br>
<p>The pyramid fell into disrepair after 1000 A.D. and was thereafter looted during the Spanish Conquest of Yucatán.</p><br>
<p>The first detailed account of the rediscovery of the ruins was published by Jean-Frederic Waldeck in 1838. Waldeck’s account of Uxmal inspired John Lloyd Stephens and his illustrator friend, Frederick Catherwood, to make two extended visits to the site in 1839-1841, to record and sketch the layout of the complex. From his notes, Stephens published his now famous Incidents of Travel in the Yucatan.</p><br>
<p>Restoration efforts began in Uxmal in the mid-19th century. The Pyramid of the Magician was regularly repaired and maintained during this period. In the early 1970s, a major conservation project was undertaken by archaeologists from the National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH). The aim of this effort was to consolidate the sides and flat terraces of the pyramid, and to improve the structural integrity of the temples. In 1988, Hurricane Gilbert swept across the Yucatán Peninsula, bringing high winds and abundant rainfall to the area which caused extensive damage to the exterior of the pyramid. A post-hurricane examination of the structure revealed cracks that had developed in the walls of the south side, on both sides of the west stairway. Damage to the vertical walls at the base of the pyramid, on the west side, was also noted.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists and conservators with the INAH immediately began the process of developing a strategy for conservation and stabilization. The plan called for the strengthening the West façade, monitoring of any structural changes, and implementing emergency measures where needed. The cavity under the base of the stairway was filled with stonework, mortared with concrete and plaster. Movement monitors were placed at critical locations to detect failing integrity. The immediate measures taken to stabilize the pyramid had prevented a catastrophic collapse, but late in 1997, archaeologists noted additional small cracks had developed in the walls of the pyramid (Desmond). Conservation efforts are still underway and, as with El Castillo in Chichen Itza, visitors to the site are now prohibited from climbing the pyramid.</p><br>
<h2>Construction and design</h2><br>
<h3>Dimensions</h3><br>
<p>The exact height of the Pyramid of the Magician is in dispute and has been reported as tall as 40 metres (131 feet) and as low as 27.6 metres (90.5 feet). The accepted median height is 35 metres (115 feet), with the base measuring approximately 69 by 49 metres (227 by 162 feet). Despite the absence of an exact measurement, the pyramid remains the tallest structure at Uxmal.</p><br>
<p>The Pyramid of the Magician is the most distinctive Mayan structure on the Yucatán Peninsula. The pyramid is considered unique because of its rounded sides, considerable height, steep slope, and unusual elliptical base.</p><br>
<h3>Construction phases</h3><br>
<p>The building of the pyramid was completed in several phases, over three centuries during the Terminal Classic Period. Marta Foncerrada del Molina, in her Fechas de radiocarbono en el area Maya, dates the beginning of construction on the Pyramid of the Magician to the sixth century, continuing periodically through the 10th century. “This placement depends both on the A.D. 560 ± 50 radiocarbon date for the Lower West Temple, as well as on Foncerrada’s stylistic dates for inner Temples II and II” (Kowalski 47). The Mayans followed the traditional practice of superimposition in the construction of the pyramid, gradually increasing the dimensions by building new structures on top of existing ones. The pyramid, as it stands today, is the result of five nested temples.</p><br>
<p>Parts of the first temple can be seen when ascending the western staircase; the second and third temples are accessed by the eastern staircase, through an inner chamber at the second level. In front of it Temple III, forming a narthex, is the fourth temple, which is clearly visible from the west side. A climb to the top of the east stairs reveals the fifth temple, situated atop Temples II and III (Stierlin 66).</p><br>
<p>The oldest structure, Temple I, is exposed on the west side of the structure, at the pyramid’s base. This section dates from approximately the 6th century AD, deduced from a date inscribed on the door lintel and radiocarbon dating. The façade of this structure is heavily decorated with masks of the rain god, Chaac, a characteristic of the Chenes style of architecture, though the masks may have been added at a later date. The rest of the structure is covered by subsequent construction. The passageway that led to this structure was closed off after the drenching rains of Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 in order to assure the preservation of the building.</p><br>
<p>Temple II can be entered through an opening in the upper part of the eastern staircase. This temple is only partially excavated. Its central chamber is supported by columns and it has a roof comb that is visible through a trench in the floor of Temple V above. Temple III is built onto the rear of Temple II and is not visible from the outside. It consists of a small central shrine and an antechamber.</p><br>
<p>Temple IV is entered from the west side and has the richest decorations. Constructed in the Chenes style, the temple’s façade represents the mask of Chaac, whose jaws serve as the door. The façade of this structure is entirely covered with masks of the rain god and lattice ornamentation (Stierlin 66). Both upper temples are heavily influenced by the Chenes architectural style (Helfritz 149).</p><br>
<p>Temple V, also known as The House of the Magician or Soothsayer, is the final building phase of the pyramid. This structure sits atop the pyramid and dates from the ninth century. Temple V is composed of three rooms and also exhibits lattice ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>There are two staircases that lead to the top of the pyramid, both at a steep 60° angle.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern Stairs are the wider of the two, starting from the base of the structure to the upper temple. Near the top of the eastern stairs is a smaller inner temple that cuts into the stairway itself.</p><br>
<p>The Western Stairs overlook the Nunnery and are richly decorated compared to the eastern side. Along both sides of this narrower staircase, images of the hooked-nose rain god Chaac line the steps. As worshipers climbed the stairs to the upper temple, they would be ceremoniously climbing the "Stairways of the Gods" towards the sacrificial altar.</p><br>
<h3>Architectural styles</h3><br>
<p>The earlier phases of the Pyramid of the Magician were constructed in the Puuc style: rather bare on the lower part and very ornate at higher levels. Early Puuc architecture included roof crests, inclined friezes, and an absence of mosaic decoration. Later Puuc styles were marked by the use of limestone in construction, often with smooth wall surfaces; plaster (stucco) finishes; masks and other representations of the rain god Chaac; and the prevalence of styling along horizontal lines. The sides of the pyramid were once thought to be adorned with different colored stucco, each color representing a direction.</p><br>
<p>Chenes design was prevalent in Late Classic Mayan construction, characterized by doorways surrounded by a single creature mask, with the entrance serving as the mouth. The façades of Chenes multi-chambered structures are often divided into three parts, with the center portion either projecting or receding from the rest of the façade; the chambers are typically adorned with Chaac masks. Chenes characteristics are found throughout the upper temples of the pyramid.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration and contemporary status</h2><br>
<p>The Pyramid of the Magician remains the central tourist attraction in the Uxmal complex. Modern facilities can be now found at the entrance, immediately in front of the pyramid; including a cafeteria, souvenir shop, and restrooms. There is also a small museum and auditorium. The site is open between 8am and 5pm, with a sound and light show, presented in both English and Spanish, every evening. The Pyramid of the Magician is the focal point of the show.</p><br>
<h2>Legend</h2><br>
<p>The name of the structure is derived from folk legends told by the indigenous Mayan people. The age of these tales is unknown, as is the Pre-Columbian name of the structure. The tale existed in varied accounts concerning the construction of the Pyramid of the Magician.</p><br>
<p>According to one account, a magician-god named Itzamna was single-handedly supposed to have erected the pyramid in one night, using his might and magic.</p><br>
<p>Another tale holds that when a certain gong was to sound, the city of Uxmal was destined to fall to a boy “not born of woman”. The gong was struck, one day, by a dwarf that was born unto no mother, but rather hatched from an egg by a childless, old woman (according to a tourist guide in Uxmal, this egg was an iguana egg, and the woman a witch). The sound of the gong struck fear into the city’s ruler and the dwarf was ordered to be executed. The ruler reconsidered the death sentence, though, and promised that the dwarf’s life would be spared if he could perform three seemingly impossible tasks. One of the tasks was to build a massive pyramid, taller than any building in the city, in a single night. The dwarf ultimately completed all the tasks, including the construction of the pyramid. The dwarf was hailed as the new ruler of Uxmal and the structure was dedicated to him.</p><br>
<p>A slightly different version of this tale is recounted by Hans Li in The Ancient Ones:</p><br>
<p>Legend tells that this temple-pyramid was built by a powerful dwarf magician, who was hatched from an egg by his mother. Under a threat by an Uxmal king he was ordered to build this temple within a fortnight, or else lose his life (82).</p><br>
<p>In other surviving versions, the old woman is portrayed as a witch or sorceress and the dwarf is a boy who magically reaches adulthood overnight.</p><br>
<p>The official legend as told to John Lloyd Stephens in 1840 by a local Maya native follows:</p><br>
<h2>Quotes</h2><br>
<p>Stephens and Catherwood visited Uxmal first in 1839, then again during their expedition of 1841. Describing his first view of the ruins, Stephens writes:</p><br>
<p>"We took another road, and, emerging suddenly from the woods, to my astonishment came at once upon a large open field strewed with mounds of ruins, and vast buildings on terraces, and pyramidal structures, grand and in good preservation, richly ornamented, without a bush to obstruct the view, and in picturesque effect almost equal to the ruins of Thebes...</p><br>
<p>...The place of which I am now speaking was beyond all doubt once a large, populous, and highly civilized city. Who built it, why it was located away from water or any of those natural advantages which have determined the sites of cities whose histories are known, what led to its abandonment and destruction, no man can tell."</p><br>
<p>John Lloyd Stephens (64)</p><br>
<p>"The pyramid is an image of the world; in turn, that image of the world is a projection of human society. If it is true that man invents gods in his own image, it is also true that he sees his own image in the images that the sky and the earth offer him. Man makes human history of the inhuman landscape; nature turns history into cosmogony, the dance of the stars."</p><br>
<p>Octavio Paz (294)</p><br>
<p>“The classical pyramid form has been abandoned here. It is as if the Mayan architects had remembered the mountain peaks where the gods had been worshipped in the hazy past.”</p><br>
<p>Hans Helfritz (149)</p><br>
<p>Mory’s, known also as Mory’s Temple Bar, is a private club adjacent to the campus of Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, founded in 1849 and housed in a clubhouse that was originally a private home built some time before 1817. Originally it was a restaurant, especially hospitable to Yale undergraduates , located at the corner of Temple and Center Streets, but in 1912, when the building was to be demolished, the owner and proprietor , Louis Linder, sold it to a group of Yale alumni who moved the bar to 306 York Street and turned it into a membership club.</p><br>
<p>After several years of operating losses and the 2008 financial crisis, the club closed indefinitely on December 19, 2008. Although the club had an endowment of $2 million, it was depleted by this poor performance and the market downturn in 2008-2009. After completion of a comprehensive business plan at the end of 2009 and progress on a fundraising effort, Morys committed to a major renovation and a new business model in 2010. The fundraising effort and construction were completed in 2010 and Morys reopened on August 25, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Membership in Morys is now offered to all Yale students, employees, and alumni as well as members of the New Haven community with an affiliation to Yale. Yale undergraduates can join with a $15 membership fee that covers all four years at Yale. Alumni living within 30 miles of Morys pay a $99 annual fee, while alumni living over 30 miles away pay a $49 annual fee.</p><br>
<h2>Traditions</h2><br>
<p>Several important traditions are maintained at Mory&#39;s that have deep resonance with certain Yale alumni and students.</p><br>
<h3>The Whiffenpoofs</h3><br>
<p>The Whiffenpoofs, the a cappella group made up of Yale seniors who are recruited from other Yale undergraduate singing groups, sings weekly, usually on Monday evenings, in the dining areas of the club. They often perform the famous "Whiffenpoof Song" which mentions Morys as the "place where Louis dwells." It was through this song, which was sung and recorded by Rudy Vallee, Bing Crosby and Elvis Presley, that the Club became part of the national consciousness in the early part of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h3>The Spizzwinks</h3><br>
<p>In 1913, four young men met at Mory&#39;s to create a light-hearted alternative to the more serious Whiffenpoofs. They decided upon the "Spizzwinks," a reference to a mythical creature to which the Corn Blight of 1906 had been whimsically attributed.</p><br>
<h3>Cups</h3><br>
<p>Another tradition is the ritualistic consumption of a "Cup," in which a party of members gather to share drinks of assorted colors and ingredients (usually containing alcohol, although a non-alcoholic "Imperial Cup" is available) from large silver trophy cups that look like handled urns and are passed amongst the gathered company. The cups are ordered by color, and some are based on sparkling wines, while others are based on beer. There is an elaborate ritual, including at the completion of a cup a drinking song, associated with the tradition. Cups come in many colors including red, gold, purple, blue, green, and velvet.</p><br>
<p>When a member finds himself (or herself, as Morys has welcomed women into its membership ranks since 1972, three years after Yale College) about to finish a Cup, he or she faces the decades-old challenge of "cleaning the cup"&mdash;removing all moisture from the cup by using only his or her mouth and, to finish the job, hair. Friends to the left and right are at the ready with napkins to minimize drippage during this process. While the member is finishing, and to give that member extra time to "clean the cup," his or her friends are wont to chant the Morys Song (an adaptation, for a diametrically opposite purpose, of the Salvation Army camp song "Put a Nickel on the Drum", with the finishing member&#39;s name as the hero of the song:</p><br>
<p>Its, its ,Its that makes the world go round,Its,, that makes the world go round,Its, its ,Its that makes the world go round,Its that makes the world go round!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum;Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved.</p><br>
<p>I was lying in the gutter,All covered up in beer,Pretzels in my moustache ,I thought my end was near,Then along came And saved me from my curse !Glory, glory, Hallelujah; sing another verse!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum;Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved!</p><br>
<p>I&#39;m H-A-P-P-Y to be F-R-double-E,F-R-double-E to be S-A-V-E-D,S-A-V-E-D from the bonds of S-I-N;Glory, glory, Hallelujah; hip-hooray, amen!</p><br>
<p>Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum; Save another drunken bum!Sing Hallelujah! Sing Hallelujah!Put a nickel on the drum and you&#39;ll be saved!</p><br>
<p>At the conclusion of the Morys Song, the member places the trophy cup, upside down, on top of a cloth (or, for greater challenge due to the latters higher absorbency, a paper) napkin, whereupon three friends place their respective hands atop the base of the cup and tap firmly. The cup is then whisked away, and the napkin is inspected for any signs of moisture. In decades past, and to date for some more conservative organizations, if the napkin were wet, then the finishing member would be forced to pay for the cup; if the napkin were dry, the member to the finishing members left—who himself chose to forgo finishing the cup—would have to pay. (Organizations still following these rules often vary them as to the specifics: Some organizations requiring that the cost of the cup be divided among the two or three previous drinkers rather than only the immediately previous one. Some organizations exempt women preceding the "draining" drinker from having to pay, instead assessing only the man or men to that drinkers left for the cup&#39;s cost, on the grounds that a woman should not be expected to drain the cup and therefore did not forgo a clear opportunity to do so.) In more modern times, most toasting parties split the bill evenly amongst members, regardless of who fails to drain or declines the opportunity to drain a cup.</p><br>
<h3>Table carving</h3><br>
<p>Another tradition was the encouraged practice of carving the tops of the dining tables at which one sat. The carving might be simply initials or names, or, in the case of the Whiffs&#39; table, a Pendragon rampant.</p><br>
<h3>Yale Political Union</h3><br>
<p>Since the early-to-middle 20th century, some of the parties of the Yale Political Union (particularly those on the right) have adjourned to Morys, "as is traditional." While the parties no longer actually go to Morys after debates as party debates have gotten longer and Morys hours shorter over the years, the tradition of saying that a debate caucus adjourns to Morys remains. The parties of the Union have, over time, picked up the tradition of dining at Mory&#39;s, though, particularly for weekly Friday lunches, and most hold toasting sessions there as often as two or three times each semester. Current and past club members include John Kerry, Bill Clinton, George H. W. Bush, Gerald Ford, John R. Bolton, George Pataki, Joe Lieberman, John Heinz, Paul Mellon, William Howard Taft, and William F. Buckley, Jr.</p><br>
<h3>Special menu items</h3><br>
<p>There are two special menu items that brings the denizens of Mory&#39;s back to the carved wooden tables and the walls covered with trophies of the past. They are Baker Soup, a potage heavy on tomato, curry, and cream and topped with croutons; and The Rabbit, a version of Welsh rabbit.</p><br>
<p>The Frank G. Bloom House or Bloom Mansion is located in Trinidad, Colorado, United States, which is within Las Animas County. The Bloom Mansion is a late 19th-century building meant to serve as the personal residence of its owner. The mansion is located in Trinidad&#39;s 300 block of Main Street and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1970.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cattle baron and banker Frank Bloom and his wife Sarah had the mansion created in 1882. The building is constructed in a French style and used locally made bricks. The home is still decorated with an array of period furnishings including a horn chair and delicate porcelain figures.</p><br>
<h2>Trinidad History Museum</h2><br>
<p>Today the home is part of the Colorado Historical Societys Trinidad History Museum. The museum, which is encompassed by the El Corazon de Trinidad National Historic District, features several homes in one block, including the Bloom House, the Baca House, which is next door to the Bloom Mansion, the Santa Fe Trail Museum, which features historic artifacts and exhibits about the Santa Fe Trail and Trinidads heritage, and historic gardens around the properties.</p><br>
<h2>In cinema</h2><br>
<p>Badlands (film)</p><br>
<p>Elkhorn Mountain is a mountain located in the Elk River Mountains of the Vancouver Island Ranges of British Columbia, Canada. At 2,194 m, it is the second highest peak on Vancouver Island, second only to the nearby Golden Hinde which lies 15 km to the south. The mountain is located in the 2,500 km² Strathcona Provincial Park, 24 km east of Gold River.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Elkhorn is one of the most accessible of the tall mountains on the Island as it is only a one-hour drive from Campbell River to the head of the Elk River trail. It is only a half-hour walk along the Elk River Trail (AKA: ERT) to a small campsite where one crosses the Elk River and starts a steep ascent up into the alpine.</p><br>
<p>Above treeline, one has a view of the objective, a steep and dominant hornlike peak that presents parties with a variety of routes. The most popular ascent route is the North West Ridge, although not the easiest (the West Face is) it has the aesthetics of a classic which is only fitting as it is the original, first ascent route.</p><br>
<p>Elkhorn can also be accessed further up the ERT from the upper gravel flats which is home to the main campsite along the ERT. The route that leaves the at the upper gravel flats is not in near as good shape, although if late in the year a dry stream bed can be followed for a large portion of the approach.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The peak was first ascended in 1912 by A.O Wheeler, Edward Wheeler, Albert MacCarthy, D.A. Gillies, A.R. Hart, J.R. Robertson, H.O. Frind, L.C. Wilson and F.A. Robertson of the Alpine Club of Canada. For many years there was speculation about whether or not Elkhorn, earlier known as Strathcona&#39;s Matterhorn, might be the highest mountain on the island. The question of "was Elkhorn once the highest peak on the island" has since been resolved.</p><br>
<p>Noticeable ascents include the first winter ascent on March 24, 1968, by Peter Busch and Alastair Watt via the Northwest Ridge, the first ascent of the North Ridge by Joe Bajan, Stuart Wazny, Dave Smith and Tom Muirhead in 1972, the North Face on June 18, 1977, by Joe Bajan and Peter Busch and a sub 4 hour speed ascent by Lindsay Elms on August 21, 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Teapot Dome Service Station is a former gas station built in the shape of a teapot. It was intended as a reminder of the Teapot Dome Scandal that rocked the presidency of Warren G. Harding and sent Interior Secretary Albert Fall to prison for his role in leasing government oil reserves in, among other places, Teapot Dome, Wyoming. Located at 117 First Avenue, Zillah, Washington, it is an example of novelty architecture and listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Teapot Dome Service Station was built in 1922 on what later became USA Route 12. The building has a circular frame with a conical roof, sheet metal "handle", and a concrete "spout". Many such novelties were constructed as roadside attractions as the national highway system in the United States expanded during the 1920s and 1930s. The unique service station continued operation as a full-service gas station for some years. When Interstate 82 was constructed near Zillah the station was relocated less than a mile down the Yakima Valley Highway. No longer in operation, it was purchased by the city in 2007, rehabilitated, and relocated in 2012 to 117 First Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Shell Service Station in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina, was a filling station constructed in 1930 following a decision in the 1920s by the new local Shell distributor, Quality Oil Co., to bring brand awareness to the market in Winston-Salem. The building is an example of representational or novelty architecture and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 13, 1976. It is located in the Waughtown-Belview Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This single-story Shell station, in the shape of a giant scallop shell, was built by R.H. Burton and his son, Ralph, in 1930 at Sprague and Peachtree Streets in Winston-Salem. The owners of the oil company decided to attract customers through a series of shell-shaped service stations. They built at least eight in the Winston-Salem area, but the station at Sprague and Peachtree is the only one remaining. The Shell station speaks to the literalism prevalent in some advertising during the 1920s and &#39;30s.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>Preservation North Carolina, an organization dedicated to the preservation of historic sites, spent one year and $50,000 to bring the landmark station back to its original condition. Workers removed layers of faded yellow paint to reveal the Shell&#39;s original yellow-orange color. The original front door was repaired and a crack fixed that had been previously sealed with nothing more than black tar. The wooden, trellised shelter that housed the car wash and allowed cars to be washed and/or serviced in the shade was reconstructed as well. The oil company donated restored gas pumps and replica lamp posts to help finish off the restoration. The landmark now serves as a satellite office for Preservation North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The Benewah Milk Bottle is a landmark in Spokane, Washington. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, there are two constructed milk bottle-shaped buildings in the Spokane area, which accompanied a successful dairy operation&#39;s stores. One of the buildings is located on South Cedar Street in the Central Business District, while the other is located two miles north in the Garland Historical District.</p><br>
<p>On the morning of September 26, 2011, the Garland Historical District Milk Bottle restaurant, owned by Mary Lou Ritchie, and the historical Ferguson&#39;s Café, located next door, were heavily damaged in a fire. Fire investigators believe the fire started in a walkway between the two restaurants.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The bottle was completed in 1935 and is a classic example of literalism in advertising. The bottle is stuccoed from its base to where it begins to taper to the bottle&#39;s neck. The neck and cap are sheet metal over a wooden frame. The entire bottle had an original white paint. It was Paul E. Newport who built the milk bottles. Newport owned the thriving Benewah Dairy Company. Company ads stated the bottles were "designed to build better men and women by making dairy products attractive to boys and girls. No expense will be spared to make these new stores as sturdy as fine, and as good as the products they represent."</p><br>
<p>Mount Colonel Foster is a mountain located on Vancouver Island in Strathcona Regional District, British Columbia, Canada. At 2,135 m, it is the fourth highest peak on the island. It is one of the nine Island Qualifiers.</p><br>
<p>Mount Colonel Foster is located across the Elk River from Elkhorn Mountain. The east face is a 1,000 m wall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Colonel Foster is named in honour of Colonel (later Major General) William Foster who was war veteran, a provincial government official, an avid mountaineer and an anti-union business leader. It was during the 1912 Alpine Club of Canada ascent of Elkhorn Mountain, which was led by Edward Wheeler, that a jagged peak at the head of the Elk River Valley was noticed and named after Foster.</p><br>
<p>On June 23, 1946, a magnitude 7.2 earthquake centred to the east of Strathcona Park, caused a slide which resulted in 1.5 million cubic metres (53 million cubic feet) of rock, about half of which found its way to Landslide Lake below. The slide and a huge displacement wave caused devastation in the upper Elk Valley. The damage is clearly visible to this day.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is regarded as technically difficult and was not climbed until July 1968 by Mike Walsh during a solo attempt. The East Face above Landslide lake has a drop of up to 1,300 m, longer than that of El Capitan in Yosemite, making it one of the tallest continuous mountain faces in the world. While there are numerous rock and winter routes, the mountain is still relatively unknown outside a circle of dedicated climbers. Notable climbs include the first ascent of the East Face by Dick Culbert, Paul Starr and Fred Douglas over the Labour Day weekend 1972, the first solo ascent of the East Face by Joe Bajan in August 1974 when he climbed the Grand Central Couloir and the first winter ascent of the East Face was by Joe Bajan and Ross Nichol in January 1979 when they climbed the Directtisma Route. In January 1985 Doug Scott, Greg Child and Rob Wood made the second winter ascent of the East Face via Bajan&#39;s Grand Central Couloir.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access is via the Elk River Hiking Trail 12 km to Landslide Lake.</p><br>
<p>The Lochmaben Stone is a megalith standing in a field, nearly a mile west of the Sark mouth on the Solway Firth, three hundred yards or so above high water mark on the farm of Old Graitney in Dumfries & Galloway in Scotland. The area is also known as Stormont. Together with a smaller stone it is all that is left of a stone circle dating back to around 3000BC.</p><br>
<p>The principal stone or megalith, referred to as the Lochmabonstone by Logan Mack in 1926, has, in the Borders context, an unsurpassed extent of history attached to it. It is an erratic, 7 feet high and 18 feet in girth and weighs approximately ten tons. It is composed of weathered granite, exposed to severe glacial action.</p><br>
<p>In these treeless flatlands this stone, given its size, would have been a distinctive landmark on the flat Solway Plain for several millennia.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The Lochmaben stone has had a wide range of names attached to it over the last few millennia or so. Lochmabonstone, Stormont, and Old Graitney stone are amongst the most recent. In 1398 the name is Clochmabenstane, in 1409 and 1472 the name Loumabanestane is recorded, with Lowmabanstane used in 1485 and then Loughmabanestane in 1494.</p><br>
<p>The element Mabon, as in the Celtic god, is common to all of the variants and this strongly confirms this association, as well as helping with the identification of this site with the Roman site of Locus Maponi, as listed in the Ravenna Cosmography. It is also suggested that Locus Maponi means the Loch or Pool of Mabon and this would suggest that the town of Lochmaben is the intended named site.</p><br>
<p>Maporitum is another name recorded in the cosmography and given that the name relates to the Ford of Mabon and indeed the name Solway is most likely derived from the word Sul standing for the pillar or Lochmaben stone and the word Wath that is of Viking origin and means to wade, indicating a ford.</p><br>
<p>The old Gaelic Cloch element is found with the 1398 record Clockmabanstane and this suggests that as in the modern Gaelic clach, meaning stone, the whole name may mean the stone or burial place of Mabon. With the decline of Gaelic use in this area so close to England, the word Loch has become appended, especially as the Lochmaben and the Loch of Maben are in the locality. The name Clackmannan is another example where the Gaelic word is undeniably linked with a stone, in this case still on view in the town centre.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The first edition Ordnance Survey six-inch map (1843–1882) refers to it as "Druidical circle (Remains of)", which the Ordnance Survey Name Book states as being formerly composed of nine upright stones placed in an oval of about 0.5 acre. Only two of these stones are visible above the surface of the ground, one being the Lochmaben Stone. The other stone stands 1.0 m high by 1.2 m in diameter in a less conspicuous position in the nearby hedge to the north east of the larger stone. The 1845 New Statistical Account also relates that a ring of large stones once stood here, enclosing an area of around half an acre, most of which were removed shortly before that date to facilitate ploughing of the site.</p><br>
<p>In 1982 the stone fell over, and excavations prior to its re-erection revealed that it had been set into a shallow pit. No artifacts were recovered. However, a sample of mixed Oak and Hazel charcoal taken from the lower fill of the stone-pit yielded a radiocarbon date of approximately 3275 BC according to Aubrey Burl.</p><br>
<h2>The cult of Maponus or Mabon</h2><br>
<p>The name of the stone strongly suggests that this site was a centre of the cult of the Celtic god Mabon or Maponus. The name has its origins in map, the Old Welsh for son of and is suggestive of a divine youth. He is said to have been the divine patron of the Kingdom of Rheged and dedications to his cult have so far been found at Birrens, Brampton, Chesterholm (Vindolanda), Corbridge and Ribchester.</p><br>
<p>Sometime during the seventh century, an unknown monk in the Monastery at Ravenna on the Adriatic (eastern) coast of Italy compiled a list of all the towns and road-stations throughout the Roman Empire; this important historical document has since become known as the Ravenna Cosmography and it lists a Locus Maponi which has been tentatively identified with the Lochmaben stone site.</p><br>
<h2>The border line and the Lochmaben Stone</h2><br>
<p>The Lochmaben Stone was a well known, well recognised and easily located marker on the Scottish Marches and as such it performed a number of functions prior to the Union of the Crowns, such as arrangements for truces, exchange of prisoners, etc.</p><br>
<h3>Rendezvous</h3><br>
<p>Raiding parties met here before launching expeditions into England and Scottish armies assembled here before major incursions or defence operations took place. It may well have been a tribal assembly point. An army was ordered to assemble here as late as 6 February 1557.</p><br>
<h3>Exchange of prisoners</h3><br>
<p>In 1398 an exchange of prisoners took place when English and Scots representatives, the Dukes of Rothesay and Lancaster The prisoners were released without ransoms and any that had already been paid were to be returned.</p><br>
<h3>The Commissioners and the Wardens of the Western Marches</h3><br>
<p>Its use by the Marcher Lords or Wardens suggests that the Scots regarded the Lochmaben stone as being the southernmost limit of the Scottish realm. In 1398 an indenture was made at Clochmabenstane for the men of Tyndale and Redesdale to meet from Whitsunday to Michaelmas at Kershope Bridge. The Commissioners not only met here, but "gave bail for their good behaviour to one another."</p><br>
<p>In 1473, the Scottish and English Ambassadors met to agree that more frequent meetings of the marcher Wardens were to be held at the six recognised sites on the marches. These were Newbyggynfurde, Redaneburn, Gammyllispethe, Belle, Loumabanestane and Kershopebrig and the meetings were to be held at successive venues. On the 26th. March 1494 the commissioners of both countries met at the Lochmaben Stone to finally settle the long running dispute over the Fish Garth&#39; across the River Esk.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In the 1800s the tenant of Old Graitney farm decided to clear his land of the three remaining stones which ruined his field&#39;s appearance and got in the way of his machinery. He set his farm hands to work digging deep pits for the burial of the stones. One had been completely buried and another partially sunken when the proprietor, Lord Mansfield, arrived at the scene and stopped further operations. The stone was still used as a gathering place for the locality into comparatively recent times.</p><br>
<p>A local tradition suggests that the stone was moved by a farm worker with an excavator, the intention being to locate any treasure beneath. The local primary school attended an official re-erection ceremony which was covered by the local paper, the Dumfries and Galloway Standard 22 September 1995.</p><br>
<h2>The Battle of Sark or Lochmaben Stone</h2><br>
<p>The Auchinleck Chronicle records that on 23 October 1448 a Scottish Army under the command of Hugh Douglas, Earl of Ormonde, and Sir John Wallace of Craigie won a resounding victory over the invading English forces of the younger Henry Percy, 2nd Earl of Northumberland. There is nothing to mark the site of the battle ground. 3,000 Englishmen were slain or drowned in flight. Many prisoners were taken. Estimated Scots losses range from a low of 26 to a high of 600, the most serious of whom was Sir John Wallace of Craigie, Sheriff of Ayr, who was mortally wounded, dying some time after the battle.</p><br>
<h2>Miscellaneous notes</h2><br>
<h3>The Old Graitney Boat Burial</h3><br>
<p>At NY 31 66 a Viking boat-shaped barrow or mound existed. It was levelled around the year 1851, but no burials or Viking artefacts are recorded as having been found.</p><br>
<h3>Old Graitney – The Auld House</h3><br>
<p>This tower-house was built by the Johnstones in 1535 and burnt by the Maxwells in 1585. Locally a tower is said to have stood 180 m south of the Old Graitney Farmhouse although no traces are visible on the ground.</p><br>
<h3>Port Stormont</h3><br>
<p>This site at NY 316 660 is recorded as having been used by smugglers. The title of Viscount Stormont is a title in the Peerage of Scotland created in 1621 by James VI for Sir David Murray. It is a subsidiary title of the Earl of Mansfield and Mansfield. The family held land in this area and no doubt some connection exists between the title and the area.</p><br>
<h3>Quern stone</h3><br>
<p>The upper stone of a rotary quern was found about 1976 when ploughing some 350 m SSW of Old Graitney farmhouse, where it is still held by the finder, Mr S Smith. Slightly oval in shape it measures about 30 cm in maximum diameter and is made of granite or a similar rock; there are both central and side-holes.</p><br>
<h3>King Arthur</h3><br>
<p>A local legend associates the Lochmaben Stone with the stone from which King Arthur pulled the sword Excalibur. However, this only agrees with some versions of the Arthurian legend. In other versions of the Arthurian legend, Excalibur was a sword that came from the water, and the sword in the stone does not have a name.</p><br>
<p>Reducción de Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana  was one of the many colonial missions for Indian Reductions founded in the 17th century by the Jesuits in South America during the Spanish colonial period.</p><br>
<p>The mission was within the colonial Province of Paraguay. Its present-day ruins are located in Misiones Province, Argentina.</p><br>
<h2>Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis</h2><br>
<p>The Spanish relocated the indigenous Guaraní people from their home villages to the reduction sites, where they established mission centers. These generally were modeled on Spanish rural villages, complete with a town square bounded by a church and administrative buildings. Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana was founded in 1633, and is located in the present-day Candelaria Department of the Misiones Province, Argentina.</p><br>
<p>It is 2 kilometers from Santa Ana, the chief city of the Candelaria Department. The ruins of Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana are not far from the reduccion site of San Ignacio Miní. Like most settlements of the era, the reducciones were located along waterways, which supplied drinking and washing water, and were used for transportation and trade.</p><br>
<p>In 1984 Mission Nuestra Señora de Santa Ana was one of four sites of Jesuit reductions in Argentina and one in Brazil to be declared by UNESCO the World Heritage Sites.</p><br>
<p>The Little River is a 7.2 mile long  river largely in the town of Exeter in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, in the United States. It is a tributary of the Exeter River, part of the Great Bay/Piscataqua River watershed in the New Hampshire Seacoast region. The river should not be confused with the Little River of Brentwood and Kingston, another Exeter River tributary less than three miles to the west.</p><br>
<p>The Little River rises in the northeastern corner of Brentwood, New Hampshire, and flows east, quickly entering the town limits of Exeter. The river flows southeast through wetlands and past low hills, passing just west of the downtown part of Exeter. The river flows into the Exeter River at the southern edge of the campus of Phillips Exeter Academy.</p><br>
<p>Treryn Dinas is a headland near Treen, on the Penwith peninsula between Penberth Cove and Porthcurno in Cornwall, England.</p><br>
<p>It is a scheduled monument, and is owned by the National Trust.</p><br>
<p>It is the site of an Iron Age promontory fort. The promontory slopes away steeply to the sea on three sides, and on the landward (north) side there are widely spaced defensive earthworks. The innermost rampart, up to 2 m high, crosses the narrowest part of the headland. Beyond this there are two low curving ramparts, and a massive outer rampart, up to 6.1 m high, with a ditch on its northern side and a causewayed entrance. The South West Coast Path runs alongside the outer rampart.</p><br>
<p>On the promontory, Logan Rock is balanced on the rocky terrain about 30 m above the sea.</p><br>
<p>This rocky headland is the subject of an engraving in Fisher&#39;s Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833, together with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon.</p><br>
<p>Quaboag Pond is a 537 acre pond located near the East Brookfield and Brookfield, Massachusetts. The pond lies about two miles  south of state Route 9 as it passes through East Brookfield. Quaboag Pond was once named Podunk Pond.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The average depth is 7 feet (2.13 m) with the maximum depth about 10 feet (3.05 m). The water is brown in color and quite warm in the summertime. Non-native invasive plants cover substantial portions of this pond; the pond lies in a swampy area, also subject to the invasive species.</p><br>
<p>Local swamps feed Quaboag Pond as well as inflow from the East Brookfield River, a two-mile (3.22 km) long river that heads at the Lake Lashaway Dam, and Quacumquasit Pond to its south. Some documents do not acknowledge the existence of the East Brookfield River and instead refer to this waterway as the Seven Mile River, although it is the Five Mile River that the Lake Lashaway Dam impounds creating Lake Lashaway, which feeds this river, not the Seven Mile. Quaboag Pond is part of the Chicopee River Watershed and it drains into the Quaboag River.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Lake Lashaway, which flows into this pond, offers good fishing for many warm water fish. A survey conducted in 1994 showed thirteen species including Large and Small-mouth Bass, Chain Pickerel, Yellow Perch, White Perch, Black Crappie, Bluegill, Pumpkinseed, Brown and Yellow Bullhead, Golden Shiner, and Sucker. Lake Lashaway was stocked with Northern Pike in the past.</p><br>
<p>The Merchants House Museum, known formerly as the Old Merchants House and as the Seabury Tredwell House, is the only nineteenth-century family home in New York City preserved intact — both inside and out. Built "on speculation" in 1832 by Joseph Brewster, a hatter by trade, it is located at 29 East Fourth Street, between Lafayette Street and the Bowery in Manhattan. It became a museum in 1936, founded by George Chapman, a cousin of the family who once lived there.</p><br>
<p>Of note, the House was among the first 20 buildings designated in 1965 under the City’s new landmarks law. It is the only historic house museum in the Greenwich Village/Soho/NoHo neighborhoods.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Brewster, the builder, sold the house to Seabury Tredwell, a wealthy New York merchant, for $18,000. Tredwell&#39;s daughter, Gertrude, was born in the house in 1840.</p><br>
<p>Gertrude and her seven siblings, two brothers and five sisters, all lived in the house together with their parents, four servants, and an ever-changing assortment of nieces, nephews, cousins, aunts and other relatives. Only two daughters and one son ever married, which was unusual for that era and for an affluent family with social position.</p><br>
<p>Seabury died in 1865 and the remaining family lived at the home into old age. Gertrude, the youngest member of the immediate family, lived here alone for 24 years after the death of her sister Julia in 1909. As she grew older and more eccentric she became obsessed with holding on to the elegant home in a neighborhood that had become, by the early 20th century, a run-down, semi-industrial, and disreputable part of town. Burdened with severe financial hardship in her last years, she somehow managed to keep the beautiful home in nearly original condition, long after all the neighboring private homes had been demolished or converted into rooming houses, tenements, or commercial structures.</p><br>
<p>After her death, a distant cousin, George Chapman, purchased the building, saving it from foreclosure and demolition. In 1936, after needed repair and renovation, the house opened as a museum and has remained one since. The Merchant’s House Museum remains a unique time capsule of the lives of a typical affluent New York merchant family of the 19th Century, complete with the original possessions of the family.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and design</h2><br>
<p>The building has been attributed to architect Menard Lafever. Its facade is reminiscent of earlier Federal-style homes, but the interior, especially the formal double parlors, represent New Yorks finest example of Greek revival architecture. The interior also contains the Tredwell familys original furnishings, including pieces from prominent New York cabinetmakers, like Duncan Phyfe and Joseph Meeks.</p><br>
<p>Considered one of the finest surviving Greek Revival rowhouses in America, the house is a miraculous survivor of old New York. The house is important for its outstanding collection of original furnishings, decorative objects, magnificently preserved 19th century clothing and other personal effects of the Tredwell family. Stepping through the front portal is stepping into a time when New York City was becoming the most important seaport in North America and the house reflects these fortunate circumstances.</p><br>
<p>The building underwent a major restoration in 1971 by architect Joseph Roberto and interior designer Carolyn Roberto.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark designations</h2><br>
<p>Due to its architectural and historic importance, the Merchant&#39;s House has been recognized with the following landmark designations:</p><br>
<p>1936 - Documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey</p><br>
<p>1965 - Designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission as one of the first 20 New York City landmarks</p><br>
<p>1965 - Designated as a National Historic Landmark and part of the Historic House Trust in New York</p><br>
<p>1966 - Listed on the National Register of Historic Places</p><br>
<p>1981 - Designated as a New York City interior landmark</p><br>
<p>Several doors east of the museum at 37 East 4th Street is the Samuel Tredwell Skidmore House, a Greek Revival house built for a cousin of Seabury Tredwell. That building is also a New York City Landmark (designated 1970), but is in disrepair and in need of restoration.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>In addition to its magnificent period rooms, the museum presents many performances, presentations, lectures, exhibits and special events throughout the year. Ongoing research and state-of-the-art documentation and conservation techniques assure that more is constantly being learned about the house, its furnishings and outstanding textile collections, and “what life was really like” for a 19th-century New York family.</p><br>
<p>In 1991, in a joint effort with the Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation, the Merchant’s House Museum launched the educational program, "Greenwich Village: History and Historic Preservation". The program was designed to teach students local history, architectural vocabulary, and the fundamentals of historic preservation. The program ran through the end of the 1990s at the museum, but eventually shifted its focus to the West Village, where it continues to reach out to students in the five boroughs.</p><br>
<h3>Collection</h3><br>
<p>The Museum’s collection of over 3,000 items comprises the possessions of the Tredwells, the wealthy merchant-class family who lived in the House from 1835 to 1933. The collection includes furniture, decorative arts, clothing, photographs and books, household items, and personal items. Highlights include a suite of 12 mahogany side chairs attributed to renowned furniture maker Duncan Phyfe, a pair of matching six-globe gas chandeliers, and 40 dresses and numerous fashion accessories that belonged to the Tredwell women.</p><br>
<p>Lac Ste. Anne is a large lake in central Alberta, Canada. It is located in Lac Ste. Anne County, along Highway 43, 75 km west of Edmonton.</p><br>
<p>The lake has a total area of 54.5 km, a maximum depth of 9 m, and an average depth of 4.8 m. Lac Ste. Anne lies at an elevation of 730 m, and has a drainage area of 619 km. The eutrophic lake is formed along the Sturgeon River through which it drains into the North Saskatchewan River. Two islands are found at the western end of the lake, Farming Island and Horse Island, while the small Castle Island and tiny Rock Island lie at the eastern tip of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Along the southern area coal mines generate power and employment, and of course recreational businesses have flourished because of the lakes. Agriculture is still a main stay and the area is known for its ability to grow some of the best oat crops in Canada.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lac Ste. Anne was first called Wakamne, or God&#39;s Lake by the Nakota Sioux, and Manitou Sakhahigan (Lake of the Spirit) by the Cree first nations before the arrival of the settlers.</p><br>
<p>The legend goes that the Indians hunted buffalo and fished in the lake called Manitou Sakhahigan. The legend told of a large monster that lived in the lake, and as it moved it would create dangerous and unpredictable currents, which could easily capsize a canoe. Very few people saw the monster but when the Hudsons Bay Company came they renamed the lake Devils Lake possibly in reference to the reported lake monster.</p><br>
<p>Elders of Alexis Reserve remember their grandparents telling of how as children they would go out on the lake and peer down through the then clear water to the lake bottom in search of the monster. They would hope and fear that they might actually see its legendary form.</p><br>
<h3>Lac Ste. Anne Mission</h3><br>
<p>The village of Lac Ste. Anne is one of the first European settlements in Alberta and the first permanent Catholic mission.</p><br>
<p>Lac Ste. Anne (then called Devil’s Lake or Manito-Sakahigan) was visited by Father Jean-Baptiste Thibault in 1842. Two year later in 1844 he established the Mission of Lac Ste. Anne to serve 30 French Métis families, who had settled there in the 1830s, and the native population of the area. He also renamed the lake Lac Ste. Anne, honouring Saint Anne. Lac Ste. Anne was in a central location with good fertile fields, tall trees for lumber, and plenty of fish and wildlife. It was also far enough away from the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company politics in Fort Edmonton.</p><br>
<p>The missionaries began the teachings of the Church, and also taught the people how to farm. They had predicted the demise of the buffalo and strove to make the Métis people self-sufficient. By 1859 the mission boasted 17 fat and fine cows, 15 horses, 10 dogs, 10 cats, and a garden with flowerbeds. Pigs and sheep were not raised because of the dogs and wild predators. Crops included wheat, barley, potatoes, cabbage, onions, and turnips.</p><br>
<p>In 1859 three Grey Nuns made the journey from Montreal to the Mission. They were the third, fourth and fifth white women to travel to Alberta. On September 24 Lac Ste. Anne welcomed these brave women with enough mud to bog down their wagon at the entrance to the Mission. The Sisters began their lives here by learning the Cree language, starting a school, helping in the gardens and painting the windows of the church so that worshippers would not be distracted during services.</p><br>
<p>The Mission grew until there were over two thousand people. A Hudson&#39;s Bay Company post, a separate school, an orphanage retreat, a North-West Mounted Police barracks, a dance hall, a post office, several stores, saloons and hotels moved into the area complimenting the church, rectory and convent.</p><br>
<p>At one time the mission was larger in population and commerce than Fort Edmonton.</p><br>
<p>Father Lacombe, who arrived in 1852, was a priest with vision and a great deal of common sense. In 1861 he decided for many sound reasons to build a new mission at St. Albert. When he left the mission of Lac Ste. Anne was almost deserted by pastors and flock. All that was left were a few homes, the church, the rectory and the Grey Nun&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<h3>Lac Ste. Anne Pilgrimage</h3><br>
<p>Father Lestanc organised the first pilgrimage to Lac Ste. Anne in 1889 in honour of Saint Anne whose feast day is on July 26. In 1926 over 5,500 pilgrims attended. Many came by a special train from the city of Edmonton 45 miles away. Today pilgrims come to the lake from all over North America, many walking miles bare-footed as penance to witness or be a part of the miracle of healing. A display of crutches and canes have been left behind in the shrine by pilgrims.</p><br>
<p>Thirty to forty thousand people now attend the annual pilgrimage in the last week of July. Oaths of sobriety, along with other life style promises are made, and prayers and forgiveness are given.</p><br>
<p>The Lac Ste. Anne Pilgrimage was declared a National Historic Site of Canada in 2004 for its social and cultural importance.</p><br>
<h3>Alberta Beach</h3><br>
<p>Several miles east, Lac Ste. Anne was the hostess of more history. In 1912 the Alberta Northern Rail built the railroad to what is now Alberta Beach, it brought its employees out for company picnics and holidays. By 1920 they had incorporated the area as a summer village, built a dance pavilion, a large wooden pier, and several cabins. Other companies such as Marshall Wells and Woodwards then began to bring their employees out for the same relaxing and beautiful atmosphere.</p><br>
<p>There was such a demand for this atmosphere that the Moonlight express was started. A.N.R. picked people up in Edmonton on Saturday mornings, took them to Alberta Beach., then picked them up Sunday night to take them back to Edmonton.</p><br>
<p>Soon people began purchasing and building their own cabins and small businesses. On January 1, 1999, the Summer Village of Alberta Beach became a village. It now has 884 year-round residents and can swell to over 3,000 people during long weekends. A hotel and many small businesses operate within the village. Alberta Beach has developed in many ways while still preserving the reason for its popularity. The tranquility and beauty of the lake still draw admiration and provides relaxation to those who come to enjoy the area.</p><br>
<h3>Hamlet of Gunn</h3><br>
<p>In the 1900s the Hamlet of Gunn (named after Peter Gunn) was also developing as a major trade center, consisting mainly of Métis and Indian people. There were two flour mills, a blacksmith shop, the hotel, several stores and trading posts that nestled beside the train station. In the 1930s an Army training center was built where the Gunn housing center now operates. Prosperity reigned until the Army left and the C.N.R. removed its rail station. With it, many of the residents and businesses also left.</p><br>
<p>Today all that remains is a combination store, laundromat, restaurant, car wash and a Post Office, Community hall and University observation and research station, as well as the Gunn Housing and Senior&#39;s Center.</p><br>
<h3>Castle Island</h3><br>
<p>A French Viscount by the name of Charles de Caze, In the 1890s began building a castle on the small island located on the northeast shores of Lac Ste. Anne, which he named Constance Island, in honor of his only daughter. The castle was to be four stories high, built of stone. The walls were to be three feet thick crowning it was to be a stone battlement running all the way around.</p><br>
<p>The castle was to be his retirement home but unfortunately he died at the age of 44 and did not complete his project. For many years, only the two stories of his dream castle remained to pique the curiosity of people stopping to picnic and enjoy the panoramic view of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Approximately twenty years later a Mr. Shorty purchased the Island. He demolished the castle and transported several cabins to Constance Island. During prohibition it was an excellent spot for parties and fun. Years later he built a causeway which provided better access to the island. Eventually the Island was sold, renamed Castle Island, subdivided, and incorporated into a summer village.</p><br>
<h3>Darwell</h3><br>
<p>A rail station in 1912 also created the community of Darwell, located between Lac Ste. Anne and Isle Lake. The naming of this station caused many debates with no resolution, until an enterprising man took out his hymnbook and randomly picked a good tune. The tune had the name Darwell in it.</p><br>
<p>It also became known throughout Alberta as Hobo stop because of a ranch which never turned away anyone asking for shelter. Many a man out of work rode the rail to Darwell to get food and lodging in exchange for work. As the story goes many a man wanted by the law also found refuge and the North-West Mounted Police spent many a trip going to the Hobo Ranch.</p><br>
<p>Today Darwell boasts a store, garage, and school. The old ranch has long disappeared, but the hospitality of this community still exists today.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>The Alexis Indian Reserve of the Alexis Nakoda Nation is located on the northern shore of the lake, and Alberta Beach is located on the southeastern shore. The Summer Villages of Ross Haven and Yellowstone, along with the subdivision of Corsair Cove, and the unincorporated hamlet of Gunn lie along the northern shore. The Summer Villages of Castle Island, Sunset Point and Val Quentin lie to either side of Alberta Beach. The Summer Village of West Cove lies on the southern shore of the west basin.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>Two campgrounds are located around the lake, one at Alberta Beach and the other at Gunn, on the north-eastern shore. There are also two golf courses in the immediate area, one at Alberta Beach, and the other in Ross Haven. There are two Bible Camps with lakefront property on Lac Ste. Anne, Ross Haven Bible Camp, located in Ross Haven, and run by the Canadian Sunday School Mission, and Sunset Point Christian Camp, in Sunset Point, and run by the Alberta Pentecostal Missions Society.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is a popular recreational activity, species including whitefish, northern pike, walleye and yellow perch.</p><br>
<p>Water based sports include sailing, water skiing and windsurfing in summer and snowmobiling and cross-country skiing in winter.</p><br>
